Attitudes Towards Technology: Han China and Roman Empire Essay

Han and Roman attitudes towards technology in the late BCE and early CE pointed towards two main categories, positive and negative. The Majority of the documents had positive attitudes towards technology because of its obvious benefits to the author’s cities. Documents 1 and 8 show government officials in charge of water technology. Both show obvious support for the technology they are associated with, preventing floods or creating aqueducts for their cities. Also, their jobs require them to use technology so they must have an appreciation for it. Documents 3 and 4 describe times when the technology used to help citizens direct their water to help productivity. It is shown that both government and philosophers see a benefit of technology in society, clearly improving productivity for their whole country. Lastly, Document 6 shows Plutarch, a high government official, writing of the creation of roads that helped the mobility of horses, the organization of cities, and beauty of the land. On the other hand, few documents show points of view seeing technology in a negative light. Document 2 shows a govt. official describing the bad quality of technology because of lack of workers and quality labor. He also states that the lack of quality technology causes an increase in the iron and salt prices, resulting in lack of seasoning for the peasants’ food and lack of strong tools for farming. Documents 5 and 7 show two Roman upper classman opposed to technology because they believe inventors and craftsment lack wisdom and enlightenment. Their were two main point of view that could have affected the bias of the documents’ position on the matter. The first is shown in documents 1 and 8 where the sources are men with an occupation in technological work. This means they must have started with an appreciation for it. Also, the more they advertised the ideas of their technologies, the better the business was for them, making them more wealthy and important, thus more powerful. The second point of view comes from positions of very high power and little knowledge of the use of technology. Shown in documents 5 and 7 are two sources that have very high positions in their society where they lack experience and knowledge of the uses of technology. Had they known more and had first hand experience with tools and different crafts, they might have a  better appreciation for such â€Å"vulgar† jobs. Looking over the documents, it is made obvious that all the document come from high class citizens fiving us no perspective from the less wealthy. Had we gotten a document from a lower class citizen, we would then be able to draw info on how technology affected the larger part of societies. Also, all the sources come from male citizens fiving us no knowledge of the effect it technology had on the women. Perhaps their household lives were affected greatly by the creation of tools, an area of daily lives men of the upper class would have no knowledge of. The majority of attitude towards technology during the Han dynasty and Roman Empire reasonably was positive, but the portion of negative responses lay mostly in areas of lack of knowledge on the subject.

Scarlet Letter and Crucible Letter

In 17th century, there was a group of Christians, known as puritans, in Massachusetts. One item that was different about puritans was that they had very strict rules, especially sins. The two famous works, one by Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter and second by Arthur Miller, The Crucible, say a lot about puritan lives during this time period. The Scarlet Letter took place in Boston, Massachusetts, and The Crucible took place in Salem, Massachusetts. Both of his works deal with sin, its effects on different characters, people's reactions, each character's conflicts, and their resolution to the conflicts. Dimmesdale, who is one of the main characters in The Scarlet Letter, and John Proctor, who is in The Crucible. Dimmesdale is more about his respect than anything, while Proctor respects truth than his respect. We can get evidences by looking at their motivations, conflicts, and conflict resolutions, which differ the same way they do. Both, Dimmesdale and Proctor, are different men, but their external conflicts make them the most different. Dimmesdale and Proctor, are two of the main characters from books The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible respectively, who goes through many external conflicts. The conflicts that both characters undergo are different from each other. For instance, Dimmesdale has an external conflict with Chillingworth, his lover's husband, who wants to give a lot of pain for committing adultery with his wife, Hester. â€Å"His fame, his position, his life, will be in my hands. † (Chillingworth, Page 65). On the other hand, Proctor has an external conflict with Abigail, his lover, who wants to live with him for whole her life and kill his wife, Elizabeth Proctor. â€Å"Goody Proctor always kept poppets. † (Proctor, Act 2). Both characters have conflicts that led them a series of problems. Dimmesdale doesn't know that Chillingworth is Hester's husband, and so keeps him as a doctor for him. Chillingworth takes advantage of this and keep giving Dimmesdale wrong medicines, which results in more and more pain for Dimmesdale. Thus, Dimmesdale have to suffer pain due to Chillingworth. John Proctor, character from The Crucible, however, has a different kind of problem. Abigail tries her best to get Proctor, which also includes accusing thirteen people from the town with Elizabeth Proctor. When he confesses about adultery with Abigail in court, nobody listen to him. â€Å"I have made a bell of my honor! I have run the doom of my good name – you will believe me, Mr. Danforth! My wife is innocent, except she knew a whore when se saw one! † (Proctor, Act 3). Dimmesdale have to suffer the pain of his heart, while Proctor has to go to jail. In other words, Dimmesdale have to go through inner pain, while Proctor has to go through external pain. Dimmesdale's conflict with Chillingworth and Proctors conflict with Abigail are their primary external conflicts, but they also have some internal conflicts. Dimmesdale and Proctor have their internal conflicts, which are totally different from each other's conflicts. For example, Dimmesdale is becoming sick day by day due to the internal conflict that, which is the guilt of the sin of adultery. â€Å"It is for the reason that the minister keeps his hand over his heart! † (Pearl, Page 148). On other hand, Proctor has an internal conflict over confessing of committing adultery for the good of his wife or not. â€Å"(trembling, his life collapsing about him): I have known her, sir. I have known her. † (Proctor, Act 3). Both of these character's conflicts led them to problems. Because of Dimmesdale's internal conflict, he become very sick and at the end died on the scaffold. He was feeling so much guilt that he couldn't live and so one night he goes to the scaffold and stands with Hester and Pearl. There is one ironic entity about his sickness. As he became sicker, his popularity increased in the town. Proctor, however, doesn’t go through a lot of pain. He have problem with his wife due to Abigail and also during confessing in the court, he became very nervous. Proctor had to choose life of his wife or his own. In other words, if he confessed his wife would be saved, but if he doesn't than he will be saved from public humiliation. Thus, both had different internal conflicts and also different effects due to those. Dimmesdale’s internal conflict due to his guilt and Proctor’s internal conflict of confessing or not are different, but their motivations in the books are also different. The characters Dimmesdale and Proctor have motivations for acting in a certain way in books, The Scarlet Letter and the Crucible respectively, which are different. For instance, maintaining his respect in the town motivates Dimmesdale. â€Å"Hester, here is a new horror! Roger Chillingworth knows your purpose to reveal his true character. Will he continue, then, to keep our secret? What will now be the course of his revenge? † (Dimmesdale, Page 162). On other hand, Proctor’s motivation is the love for his wife. â€Å"These are my friends. Their wives are also accused-I come not to hurt the court: I only-† (Proctor, Act 3). Both characters are motivated in different ways to act the way they are acting in the book. Because of Dimmesdale's motivation, he keeps his guilt inside. He doesn't confess. Pearl even asks him to stand on the scaffold with Hester and her, but he refuses her. Thus, his motivation led him to suffer his pain and not confess. However, Proctor is motivated by the love for his wife. He took evidence with him that proved that Abigail is wrong in saying that his wife is witchcraft, but the judges ignore him. After trying that, he confesses of committing adultery with Abigail, but due to his wife's attempt of saving him, the court doesn't believe him this time either. He goes to jail and is hanged at the very end in attempt of saving his wife and of witchcraft. Dimmesdale's respect and Proctor's love for his wife are motivations that lead them to act in the way they do are different, and they also have different conflict resolutions. As Dimmesdale and Proctor's conflicts are different, the ways they resolved it are also totally different. For example, Dimmesdale tries to solve his conflict by confessing on the scaffold, but doesn't work. â€Å"Then, down he sank upon the scaffold! Hester partly raised him, and supported his head against her bosom. (Hawthorne, Page 209). John Proctor's way of solving his conflict was different from Dimmesdale's. He tried by confessing the contraption that was not right, but also didn't worked. â€Å"†¦. A man will not cast away his good name. You surely know that†¦ A man may think God sleeps, but God sees everything, I know it now. I beg you, sir, I beg you – see her what she is. † (Proctor , Act 3). They both have different ways to resolve their conflicts, which came to same result, a fail. Due to Dimmesdale's confession, he fall down and died immediately. His partial reason for his death is Chillingworth's torcher and also his internal conflict. He cannot see his reputation going down and so dies. On Proctor's side, it is different. He goes to the court and tries to save his wife with different ways, but at last when anything doesn't work, he confesses himself to prove Abigail Williams wrong. After this, the judge called Elizabeth Proctor to conform the statement that his husband said and the first time in her life, she lied. This way, the judges don't believe him and sends him to jail for practicing witchcraft and going against the court. Dimmesdale’s resolution of dying and Proctor’s resolution of confessing for the good of his wife and children were the last entity proving that they are different. In conclusion, the reader can interpret that Dimmesdale and John Proctor are entirely different men through their motivations resulting in conflicts and the ways of handling their conflicts. Dimmesdale and Proctor both have a great respect in the town, but made mistake of committing adultery. While, they have the similar situation, but handles it with different ways. John Proctor believes that his reputation is because he is a truthful man. â€Å"How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul: leave me my name! † (Proctor, Act 4). He said this after telling that lie of being witchcraft because he doesn’t want people to say him a liar, and want to teach his children a good lesson of saying the truth. While, Dimmesdale thought that it is good to ignore the truth to maintain his respect. He doesn’t confess until the end when he was going to die. So, the reader can conclude that everyone doesn’t think in the same direction by looking at Dimmesdale and Proctor.

European Union Law structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

European Union Law structure - Essay Example One of the most obvious examples of a unitary state is United Kingdom. Also called a constitutional monarchy, UK is governed as one single unit. The Government is led by a Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers who enforce executive power on behalf of the Queen. The political power of UK government can transfer political powers to lower levels, regionally or locally elected assemblies, governors or mayors but the central government retains the principal right to recall such delegated power (Wikipedia Unitary State and United Kingdom) A federal State is composed of different self-governing regions often called states which are united by a federal government. The self-governing status of the states is constitutionally entrenched and can not be altered by a decision made by the central government. Even though the sovereignty of each state is constitutionally granted, a federal state is not only a group of independent states. The states do not have any power in terms of foreign policy for example which is the burden of the central government. A federal State comes from an initial agreement to come together in order to solve mutual problems or provide for mutual defense as it was the case for United States with the Articles of Confederation in 1781. (Wikipedia, Federal State) The United States are naturally the best example of a federal State. While each of the States has its own written constitution and different laws, the federal government composed of the Congress, the President and the Supreme Court. The Constitution limits the powers of the federal government to defense, foreign affairs, the issuing and management of currency, the management of trade and relations between the states, the protection of human rights, welfare and education. (Wikipedia Unites States) 3. Supranational State A Supranational State is an entity where power is held by independent appointed officials or by representatives elected by the legislatures or people of member states. All the member states still have power but they must share this power with other actors. Furthermore, decisions are made by majority votes in consequence it is possible for a member state to be forced by other member states to implement a decision against its will. (Wikipedia Supranationalism) In the following part of our essay, we will try to analyze The European Union through different perspective in order to approach our findings with one type of state that we have described in the previous paragraphs. II. How is the European Union composed The father of the European Union is the European coal and Steel Community (ESCS) which was created in 1951 following a proposition by the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman which he made in 1950 in a speech inspired by Jean Monnet. Composed of six members, Belgium, West Germany,

Has the National Literacy Hour Affected Childrens Desire to Read for Essay

Has the National Literacy Hour Affected Childrens Desire to Read for Pleasure - Essay Example This result of this paper will provide ample information to the teachers and educational policy makers regarding the effective facilitation of the national literacy hour program. This will make them reevaluate the current scenario in their respective schools and see if they are still providing efficient and effective learning undertaking to the primary school students. This paper will also prove beneficial to all other aspiring teachers. With the information presented in his study, aspiring teachers will be enlightened as to the proper ways of handling and/or managing the primary classes and in following with the national literacy hour program. They will be given enough idea on which effective ways to use on various classroom situations. They will acquire valuable techniques on how to maintain the best possible educational outcome for the students. Lastly, this research study will surely be beneficial to other interested researchers. If the topic will be on educational outcomes and/or educational system, this paper is a good starting point or basis to conducting their own research undertaking related to the national literacy hour program. More so, the said national literacy hour program would require extra time in the school curriculum. Thus there is a need for more time resources to facilitate the required learning for the pupils. Extra hand may also be required because for the proper handling and management of group discussions of the pupils.,

Astronomy As a Natural Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Astronomy As a Natural Science - Essay Example The cosmology  encompasses the study of the universe as a whole. Such prehistoric cultures include the Nubian and Egyptian monuments and other early civilizations such as the Iranians, Maya, Chinese, Greeks, Babylonians and the Indians. There was the need to invent the telescope before astronomy made it into the modern science. Astronomy has historically included disciplines ranging from astrometry, observational astronomy, celestial navigation and the making of calendars (Trumper, pg. 11). Currently, astronomy is considered synonymous with astrophysics. In the twentieth century, astronomy split into theoretical and observational branches. Observation astronomy focus on acquiring data from various observations of astronomical objects that is then analyzed using basic principles of physics. On the other hand, theoretical astronomy is oriented towards computer development or analytical models that describe the astronomical phenomena and objects (Renner et al., pg. 618). Thomas Harrio t was the first person, four centuries ago, to look like a celestial object using a microscope. He used his simple Dutch trunk telescope to view the moon in the late 1600s and made drawings of the observations (Basu and Matzner, N. p. 115). Thomas was operating within the same time as Galileo and actually, Thomas did his observation before Galileo. Both Galileo and Thomas were astronomers. They spent time in studying celestial bodies more so the moon. They both developed an interest in studying the lunar. Unlike Galileo, Harriot did not publish his observational drawing though he was able to share his telescopic findings with a group of English correspondents. They both drew â€Å"moon maps† and they believed to be the geographical surface of the moon to be (Hyslop, pg. 293). The type of moon maps, in this case, is well illustrated in some literature writings such as in the School of Night where a letter is missing and the search result to the discovery of buried gold and cod ed maps (Bayard, 2010). This book was written in the 16th century. These coded maps are actually some of the drawings by Thomas and Galileo.

Kidney Failure Scenarios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kidney Failure Scenarios - Essay Example Lack of insulin leads to the high sugar levels in the kidney and therefore, the body tries to balance such high levels of sugar by retaining large amounts of water in the body, hence low output of urine. This causes the kidney disease. Since her case seems to be in the early stages, the best option is to undergo treatment for renal dysfunction (Stein, 2007) A Mr. Hodges kidney is affecting the rest of his body because it is associated with heart failure. The poor circulatory function retains a lot of wastes and other toxins that then affect the other body parts. The heart is what controls all our body parts by supplying it with blood and oxygen. Therefore, other body parts are likely to be affected when one suffers from congestive heart failure. As his renal failure worsens, other symptoms and signs that might occur are high urine levels in blood, nocturnal urination, abnormal heart rhythms, memory problems, difficulties in breathing, and slowed digestive process ((Amgen, 2009). Mr. Hodges kidney disease is being caused by prolonged and uncontrolled hypertension. The best treatment option for Mr. Hodges is a complete kidney transplant (Stein, 2007) since it happens to be either in stage four or five (Fadem, (2008). However, it is difficult to find a donor, besides ensuring the compatibility of the kidney with his

Kamehameha I versus Kamehameha V Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Kamehameha I versus Kamehameha V - Essay Example The first war he waged was in Hana area of Maui, to fight with Kalanikupule’s army under the leadership of Kapakilili. With the war evenly leveled out and with no definite winner, Kamehameha used the British acquired cannons to his advantage, and completely massacred Kapililis army. 3 Kamehemeha’s greatest enemy was Keaua in Hile; who at that time was dividing land among his chiefs, and declared war on the reign of Kamehamela I. With the fierce rivalry between them, Kamehameha I sought for trickery and invited Keaua to come for a peace sacrifice to the god of war, Heiau. Keaua attended the sacrifice ignoring advice from his generals of Kamehameha intentions, and his canoe was attacked and he was eventually killed.. In 1795, Kemehameha’s war party went to Maui, then Molakai, and he later sailed to Oahu where he conquered these lands. Kalanikupule’s forces were routed at Naauanu, and his chiefs and warriors were all killed. Kalanikupules escaped and hid for two years, and was later captured by Kamehameha and killed. This signified the end of war and the entire island of Hawaii were unified and enjoyed peace under the reign of Kamehameha. Kamehameha used the rule of law based on the traditional religion to control the island, and one of the majo r laws in place was the rule of the splintering paddle.4 The rule stated that punishment for robbery and murder was death by the paddle in public. Not new to treachery, Kamehameha kept his chiefs near his court as he closely observed them. 5 George Vancouver, a British emissary to North West coast became a great friend to Kamehameha and eventually Kamehameha ceded Hawaii to British rule. Kamehameha had to restructure his government to be in accordance to the British Empire demands; on the agreement, the British Empire was not to interfere with the running of the islands. Kamehameha had to seek advice from two of the British counsels in

International privacy rights a primer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International privacy rights a primer - Essay Example As a worker in the international work place it is increasingly important to ensure that violation of the customer or consumer information does not take place either inadvertently and most certainly not deliberately. Since privacy laws in different countries are varied, there is a need to be sensitive to each country's privacy regulations so that confidentiality of the customer's information is protected. Citizens of developed states as the United States of America and countries of the European Union are particularly sensitive to privacy. In any case, irrespective of the applicability of legal provisions, it is the duty of every employee of the establishment to ensure privacy of the information of the customer gained during professional interaction and ensure that it is in no way compromised. This is as much a moral and ethical issue as a legal one and is thus explicit company policy. Privacy is a cultural context and rights to privacy is defined in modern terms as valid claims made against unauthorized access where a subject has the right to authorize or deny access. This right is based on autonomous choice and is required to be given as a form of informed consent. An individual has the right to control information about his person and behavior. Invasion of privacy implies access to information without consent. There is increased intent and capabil

Can Obama make all the change that he promised Essay

Can Obama make all the change that he promised - Essay Example In this essay, I intend to evaluate if he is capable of fulfilling the changes that he has promised during his campaigns and victory. My goal, however, is to prove that he is indeed capable of realizing the changes he has promised the people. In order to make a substantial research piece, I intend to use this source: â€Å"Change we believe in? Using political science to predict policy change in the Obama presidency† by Jonathan Woon. Woon’s â€Å"Change we believe in? Using political science to predict policy change in the Obama presidency† can provide data on his own evaluation of Obama’s presidency. Woon is an Assistant Professor in University of Pittsburgh’s Department of Political Science since 2007. Then prior to that, he was an assistant professor in Carnegie Mellon University’s He has a doctorate degree in Political Economics from Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business, which he earned in 2005. He is an S.B in Political Science with a minor in Economics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in June 2000. His affiliations include American Political Science Association, Midwest Political Science Association and Southern Political Science Association. He has various publications, working papers and works that are still in progress. His works were published in various journals and compilation essays – his first publication was â€Å"Testing Theories of Lawmaking† which he wrote with Keith Krehbiel and Adam Meirowitz, this was included in the Social Change and Strategic Decisions: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey S. Banks in 2005, then in 2007 his work entitled â€Å"Direct Democracy and the Selection of Representative Institutions: Voter Support for Appointment Initiatives, 1924-1962 was published in State Politics and Policy Quarterly. He has two publications in the Journal of Politics, both in the year 2008, and they are â€Å"Bill Sponsorship in

The Critical Nature of Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Critical Nature of Water - Essay Example The fireweed has only recently been observed and has been analyzed at the University of Queenslands marine botany lab by scientist Judith ONeil. Fireweed is a hairy strain of ancient bacteria that flourished on earth 2.7 billion years ago. The poisonous weed, cyanobacteria, has appeared in at least a dozen locations around the globe. According to Weiss, the bacteria has devolved in response to the pollution of the worlds oceans. In an evolutionary sense, bacteria are very adaptable and can quickly mutate to adapt to new conditions (Campbell & Reese 2002 p.340). It is a result of "...overdosing the oceans with basic nutrients--the nitrogen, carbon, iron and phosphorous compounds that... wash into the sea from fertilized lawns and cropland, seep out of septic tanks and gush from sewer pipes". These are not the deadly carcinogens such as dioxin or PCBs. These are the basics of life and demonstrates the critical balance of the quality of our water supply. According to Goudie (1994), this will eventually lead to severe oxygen depletion and result in massive fish kills (p.214). Further destruction is evident in the coral beds of the Caribbean where as much as 80% have been lost in recent years. Weiss says that this "quiet creep of environmental decay" has gone unchecked and largely unnoticed for decades. Scientist Jeremy Jackson stated that, "Were pushing the oceans back to the dawn of evolution, to a half-billion years ago when the oceans were ruled by jellyfish and bacteria". Biology has discovered the problem and biology can prescribe the remedy. The article was a factual account of the destruction of the oceans water. It drew from first hand experiences and quoted biology experts that had researched the problem.

Educational Research Essay Example for Free

Educational Research Essay The research study explores the influence of technological developments to student motivation and positive learning outcomes. Educational institutions have started to incorporate the use of technology as an instructional tool to facilitate teaching and learning. One of the most recent additions to instructional tools used for classroom instruction is the employment of mobile technology. These technologies include the use of SMS or Short Message Service, e-mail, online forums and discussion boards. The purpose of the research is to probe deeper on the effects of these technologies to motivational learning, pressure within the learning environment, and the outcomes of performance. The result of the study proved that the use of internet and mobile communications lessens the pressure that students feel within the learning environment. Therefore, motivating the students to learn and feel comfortable during classroom instruction. Moreover, mobile communications opens up other alternatives for students to communicate with their teachers without any hesitations at all. Although the research acknowledged the benefits of employing mobile communication combined with internet tools, it still suggests that further studies be conducted on the topic. Critical Evaluation The research study is yet again one of the many proofs on how technology is becoming an integral part of education and is influential in producing positive learning outcomes. With the addition of mobile communication still it remains to be a motivational factor for students to learn and reflect that they actually have been learning by coming up with high grades during evaluation and assessment. This means that with the employment of mobile communications, students are able to produce desirable learning outcomes. Perhaps one of the things that make technology a motivational tool is because of its widespread use in almost every aspect of life. People, especially the younger generation, regard technology as a trend. Incorporating the technologies that students are familiar of makes it a powerful instructional tool to arouse the interest of the learners. Learning is not limited to the confines of the educational institution because mobile communication allows learning to extend beyond the four walls of the classroom. Moreover, communication is best facilitated, especially with students who are not good oral communicators, through online communication. These observations allow educational institutions to consider the employment of mobile technology to their curriculum and their instructional tools, perhaps, also considering the emergence of globalization.

An Analysis Of The Tui Group Tourism Essay

An Analysis Of The Tui Group Tourism Essay TUI a leading international leisure travel group which has over 200 different tourism brands around the world. The business activities of the TUI Group were attributed to the tourism, logistics and the former industry divisions. Objective of this report is to analyse the strategic position of TUI by applying various tools such as PESTLE, Five forces framework, SWOT and analyse and predict the future implications of its strategic capabilities using Generic strategy and Ansoffs matrix to the case study. Limitations of the tool applied are discussed with the analysis. 2.0 BACKGROUND TUI group earlier known as Hapag Touristik Union of Preussag launched itself in tourism market at the end of 1997 with the purchase of Hapag-Lloyd AG. TUI expended its business using the expansion strategy through acquisition, mergers, and investment through joint ventures all over Europe. TUI AG was spread in three sectors TUI Travel (tour operating, airlines and incoming agencies),  TUI Hotels Resorts  and the cruise ship business form the World of TUI. TUI AG holds, in addition, a financial investment in the container shipping industry. TUI in 2005 was the tour leaders with 3500 travel agencies in 17 countries with 37 incoming agencies. TUI owned more than 100 aircrafts and was the largest Hotelier in Europe with 285 hotels (Case study). Currently, the group owns 43,3 percent stake in Hapag-Lloyd AG. In  the 2008 financial year  TUI AG returned a revenue of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬24.9 billion with total earnings (underlying EBITA) of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬759 million. As at 31 December 2008 the Group had 70,200 employees (TUI group, company profile). 3.0 ENVIRONEMNTAL ANALYSIS: To understand and apply the Environmental analysis on TUI it is essential to perform an internal and an external analysis. External analysis on an industry is further sub-divided in two environment macro-environment and micro-environment. In order to understand the likely impact of these environments on the tourism industry PESTEL analysis and Porters five forces is under taken for possible impacts on the industry competitive strength and advantage over competitors. 3.1 PESTLE ANALYSIS 3.1(a) POLITICAL Political factors have a moderate impact on the performance and the growth on tourism industry. Where Political instability generates negative publicity and the risk perception influences the tourists decisions which results in an unavoidable decrease in tourist arrivals (Hall and O Sullivan, 1996). On the other side Terrorism has led serious tourism crisis, and has been affecting the financial condition significantly in recent periods (Sonmez et al 1999). Terrorist attacks, the Iraq war has reflected a decline of approximately 6.6% in TUIs tourism turnover from the first six months of 2002 to the first six months of 2003 (excluding turnover contributed by Nouvelles Frontiers, which we acquired later in 2002). Health Crisis like SARS in 2003 has also had a traumatic effect on international travel (Case study). 3.1(b) ECONOMICAL Tourism is one of the growing industries, fuelling the growth and employment and has become a critical component of the world of economy. Due to Recession, a downward momentum was seen because most of the tourism operators were handicapped by the high level of fixed assets and less able to manage their airlines and hotel industry(case study). Fluctuations in fuel costs, Exchange rates and currency fluctuations, The Growth of low cost airlines has lead to economic risk in tourism industry. 3.1(c) SOCIO-CULTURE: Change in lifestyle has changed the demands of consumer; they have become more price sensitive and has increased its demand for new experiences. Consumer has developed a new attitude of WAIT AND SEE ATTITUDE (Reisinger 2009) facilitated by last minute purchase resulting in late bookings. As tourism involve movement of people to different locations which calls for cultural clashes. Tourism has also Led to commercialization of local culture, standardization of destinations and adaptation to tourist demands (coastlearn.org) 3.1(d) TECHNOLOGY Use of information technology gave a boost to tourism business for reservations and administrative operations. With the advent of the internet, tour operators can now spread out their activities and make available appropriate information, conquering new customers (Wyner, 2000). With launch of touropa.com in Germany, TUI captured a top position in European market in 2005 with a turnover of 2.6bn euro (Case study). Similarly in Island locations high-tech venue networking was adopted to attract new visitors and to communicate to tourists (The Daily Business Buzz, Nov. 2/09) 3.1(f) LEGAL Air Travel Organizers License ATOL Regulations were imposed on any person who advertises or sells air-inclusive holidays in the United Kingdom,granted by the Civil Aviation Authority. A number of TUIs businesses operating in the United Kingdom, including Thomson Holidays and Lunn Poly, hold ATOLs. There were many European and national restrictions on airline ownership which could loss of airline operating and route licenses and cause other adverse effects on tourism business. TUIs hotels and destination agencies are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the countries in which they operate and, on a periodic basis, must obtain various licenses and permits. They are subject to a broad range of labour, environmental and health and safety regulations in each jurisdiction in which they operate (Listing Memorandum, TUI group). 3.1(g) ENVIRONMENTAL: International tourism can play the role of both victim and villain when it comes to climate change(Holmes 2007 BBC news). To attain sustainability TUI is continuously improving on environmental performance, TUI focuses on ISO 14001 environmental standards. Hence TUI strongly supports the environmental protection policies like, species protection, nature protection and landscape protection. TUIs main area of concern is the efficient use of energy and climate protection. (TUI Group, environment management) 3.2 PORTERS FIVE FORCES FRAMEWORK: A firm needs to neutralise as many as possible of the five forcers in order to create competitive advantage.(Porter 1998) Porter defines five forces impacting a firms competitiveness- threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants in the industry, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers, and the intensity of competition within the industry. Understanding the nature of each of these forces gives organizations the necessary insights to enable them to create the appropriate  strategies  to be successful in their market (Thurlby, 1998) . 3.2(a) Threat of New Entrants (Medium) For a new company to launch itself in the tourism industry needs a high investment and innovative ideas to sustain its presence in the highly competitive tourism market. The existing company have the capabilities of providing tailored deals on cheap prices because of their established brands and long chains of tour operator. TUI being the market leaders of tourism industry does not have much effect of threats developed by new entrants. 3.2(b) Bargaining Power of Buyers (High)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourism industry fluctuates with the buyers changing needs. With increase in competition, buyers have a wider range of services to choose from hence the tourism industry are forced to comply with changing demands and needs of customers. As the switching cost is not too high Brand loyalty is low and with increase in purchasing power of a buyer the likelihood of travelling also increases. Buyers even eliminate the tour operators and prefer make a direct sale from suppliers (hotels, airlines ect). 3.3(c) Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Low)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TUI uses backward integration which means it has its own suppliers; in fact TUI itself acts as its own suppliers. 3.3(d) Threat of Substitutes (High)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the growing world of tourism there is a demand for strategic differentiation. Customers are looking for new experiences, diversified attractions around the world. The wide spread of TUI in Europe increases the threat of substitute due to growth of tourism industry in other parts of world. 3.3(e) Competitive Rivalry (medium) Tourism industry involves many competitors with an approach of performing better than the other. The competition level increases because of distribution of market based on the regional operators, privately owned, highly fragmented, and geographically marketed. Even though there was a moderate level of service differentiation, TUI has sustained the competition because of its brand and leadership in market 4.0 TUIS CURRENT POSITION AND STRATEGY: TUIs strategic goal is to create superior shareholder value by being a global leading leisure travel group providing customers with a wide choice of differentiated and flexible travel experiences to meet their changing needs. TUIs five strategic priorities for sustainable development are Embedding, Climate Change, Destinations, Our People and Our Customers (TUI Travel PLC, Strategy) . Since 1998 to 2005 main focus of TUI was on achieving cost control and differentiating its product in market. This was achieved by adopting Hybrid strategy which is a combination of differentiation, price and cost control (Campbell 2002) refer to Appendix (A). TUI creates enhancing margin quality through product differentiation by creating unique travel experiences for its customers which helps them achieve brand loyalty and competitive advantage. With controlled distribution process the cost of acquisition can be reduced and flexibility is achieved. The five key elements of TUI strategy: Expand our core tourism business Exploit synergies and cost efficiencies across our markets and products Leverage the benefits of our vertically integrated tourism model and our wide distribution network Identify new trends and exploit developments in the tourism industry Continue to grow our container shipping business Over the years TUI has maintained its position as the market leaders of tourism industry by covering all the stages of tourism value chain by owning its own travel agencies, hotels, incoming agencies, airlines and cruises (Business week 2009). It has positioned itself to be its own supplies, buyers and travel services and had become a strong example of vertical integration. Vertical growth can be accomplished by forward and backward integration. Though the vertical integration does not give 100 percent success guarantee in complete value chain, TUI has successfully build its business with selection of travel agencies in European market by having Thomas cook airlines with 100 aircrafts and owning more than 3000 travel agencies (case study). Vertical integration also helps in attracting more customers, differentiate its product and gain more power in market and gain economies of scale by reducing the coordination cost and reducing the profit margins of intermediaries (Enz 2009). Other advantages and disadvantages can be referred in Appendix (B). Major strengths on which TUI had built its leadership and its weaknesses which empowered them to overcome and maintain its position. 4.1 STRENGTHS: TUIs greatest strength is its brand recognition and fully integrated business model with wide spread distribution network to provide operational advantages. TUIs confidence is based on (i) ability to recover increases in input costs, (ii) flexible business model, (iii) delivery of merger synergies, and (iv) diversity of the Groups businesses(TUI Travel Plc, third quarter report). Appropriate strategic choices with the diverse work force and economic of scale in competitive marketing and efficient distribution has proved to be its core competence. TUIs global presence provides wide variety of holiday services and has successful container shipping business. 4.2WEAKNESS TUI Travels existing shareholder loan amounts to approximately  £900 million is the major drawback for TUI (financial times 2009). The consumers are increasingly holding off on booking holidays in order to save money in recession. Whereas limited bookings transparency (growing trend toward short-term travel bookings; uncertain earnings performance) has also effected the revenue growth of TUI. Another factor is the impact of seasonality on sustained growth and performance of nature based tourism. 5.0 CHANGING TRENDS AND TUIs FUTURE: 5.1 Key Drivers of change Beside PESTLE (Appendix (C)) it is important to identify the number of key drivers of changes which are forces likely to affect the structure of a business (Johnson et al 2005). To understand the drivers of changes in tourism industry it is required to analyse the change in consumers behaviour, lifestyle and priorities. In years to come the demographic shifts (ageing population), technology penetration, changes in work pattern, time pressure and changing modes of consumption (further destinations, greater expectations, more specialization) will make heavy impact on travel and tourism industry(Lockwood and Medlik 2002). According to Peter Long, chief executive of TUI Travel (sustainable development report 2008), Sustainability is one of the four key drivers for growth in TUI, the four main drivers for a sustainability programme for TUI Travel: Aviation and climate change Protecting destinations from the impact of climate change Protecting destinations from the impact of tourism Shifting demographics and consumer trends These aspects will analyse progress of TUI which is made towards providing holidays that cause minimal environmental impact, respect the culture and people of destinations, and offer real economic benefit to local communities. 5.2 Ansoffs Matrix According to Johnson et al. (2008) Ansoff Product/market growth can be used to analyse the implications of corporate strategy applied to look for the opportunities open to the industry. This matrix consists of four quadrants which are used to evaluate four types of strategic decision(Appendix (D)). It allows marketers to consider ways to develop the business via existing and/or new products, in existing and/or new markets. With an initial start in tourism business from end of 1997 to 1999 TUI saw a real scope of penetration of its business in German market with its existing products and aim to increase its market share. With a vision of new opportunities TUI expanded its horizons by stepping into European market in 2000 with complete dominance and strong market share with existing products in new markets by taking over Thomson travel group, Nouvelles Frontieres(France) and Fritidsresor(Scandinavia) developing its market. With time TUI focused on Product development and introduced low-cost travel airlines in 2003, setting up TUI china and then increased its cash flow by signing joint ventures in Russia. In 2005 with launch of a virtual tour operator, TUI captured the top position in tourism industry and was able to develop a successful brand Image. In 2005 TUI penetrated in most of the Europe, tourism division was subdivided into the five sectors Central Europe, Northern Europe, Western Europe, destinat ions and other tourism activities. TUI was diversifying geographically and that has helped to compensate the ups and downs of individual countries, which can be due to any macroeconomic factor. TUI has diversified geographically in Europe, India and China. They have also diversified in their business segments in logistics of container shipping department in order to achieve economies of scale. TUI opted consolidation for long term growth and global brand development to ensure cash flow from developed market in economic downturn hence TUI considered consolidation has one of their product and market strategy suggested by Johnson et al.(2008). 5.3 EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS OPPOURTUNITES Changes in emerging and fragmented markets provide greater opportunity for growth in TUI, acquisition and joint ventures can provide a platform to build stronger product portfolio. Improving TUIs local business, improving in marketing, sales and distribution can support growing demands for specialist holidays. Tour operators still have scope for consolidation by easing geopolitical tensions. Refer to Appendix (E) for more information about the opportunities and TUIs approach towards it. THREATS Protracted economic downturn has been a major threat to the tourism industry. Geopolitical uncertainties (terrorist attacks and natural calamities), operators relatively high debts, limited earning transparency of some companies and seasonal-led volatile earnings performances are some other setbacks for tourism industry. Less attention towards environment and global warming may cause a devastating impact on travel business. 6.0 LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS 6.1 PESTEL FACTORS PESTLE analysis is done to simplify the decision making process while following a strategy. PESTLE factors helps in identifying the past trend of an organisation on which future trends are identified. Practically PESTLE analysis makes it difficult for a company to analyse the entire macro-economic factor as it can be very time consuming and costly. In this fast changing environment, capturing adequate data might be difficult and capturing too much of data can cause Paralysis by analysis this predicted data might not be accurate. PESTLE does not help is finding out the level of uncertainty in an organisation. For effective results this process needs to be undertaken on regular basis. (Cipd, 2008). 6.2 PORTERS FIVE FORCE Porters five forces model works on relatively static market structure because of which it cannot explain or analyze todays dynamic changes (Recklies 2001). This model equally imply to all the competitors in an industry and this model cannot be applied in isolation where porter accepted that outcome by applying his framework were only relevant while the macro environment remained constant (Campbell et al., 2002). Five force analyses takes into consideration industry as a whole but it does not segregate different segments. The individual analysis of each of the segment can be of much assistance than industry as a whole. It even assumes that relationships with competitors, buyers and suppliers are adversarial. It oversimplifies industry value chains (Grundy, 2006) and It ignores the human resource aspect of the strategy 6.3 SWOT The SWOT analysis gives an overview of the subject but doesnt help to get the details. The categorization of some aspects as strengths or weaknesses, or as opportunities and threats is to some extent subjective. From the case study numerous strength and weaknesses were identified, but those all were a snapshot of the success and failure on TUI over all business performance. According to Mintzberg (1990) the assessment of strengths and weaknesses may be unreliable, being bound up with aspirations, biases and hopes. Moreover, Frost (2003) describes SWOTs downsides from a managers point of view as it would be difficult for a manager to identify strengths than things they see as wrong with the organization and managers tend to describe an effect as a weakness and do not get to the causes. (Zarkos et al., 2007) states, an opportunity can also be a threat for a company; hence the same problem appears in the distinction of strengths and weaknesses. 6.4 ANSOFFS MATRIX Ansoffs matrix is only focussed on growth of a company it focuses on the tangible aspects of products and services and very little attention is paid to intangible aspect like brand. Another weakness of the Ansoff Matrix approach is that it doesnt really address the issue of brand elasticity as a part of the strategic decision-making process.( pringle and field, 2008). the use of Ansoff matrix as a marketing tool may not be really useful as the matrix is critical for analysing the strategic path that the brand may be following, and does not essentially identify marketing options(Macmillan et al., 2000). 7.0 CONCLUSION In this report the strategic analysis is carried out on TUI tourism industry using various tools. Firstly, macro-environment was analysed to understand the possible impacts on the industry competitive strength and advantage over competitors and develop an appropriate strategy. On a corporate level hybrid strategy and vertical integration was discussed in support to TUIs success. Next segment of internal analysis described TUIs core competences and focussed on future trends of TUI. The analysis of this case study concluded high level of sustainable development which is inimitable. 8.0 REFERENCE LIST Campbell, D., Stonehouse, G. and Houston, B. (2002), Business Strategy: an introduction, 2nd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann publication, Oxford, UK. Enz, A. C., (2009), Hospitality Strategic Management: Concept and Cases, 2nd Edition,    Haboken, New Jersey. Frost, A. (2003), The Use of Strategic Tools by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: an Australasian study, Strategic Change, Volume. 12, Page: 49-62. Grundy, T. (2006), Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porters five forces model, Strategic Change, Volume. 15, Page: 213-229. Hall, C. And OSullivan, V. (1996), Tourism political stability and violence in Wahab, S. and Christopher P. C.,(2001), Tourism in the age of globalization , pp-234, Routledge. Johnsons, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2005), Exploring Corporate Strategy, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall, UK. Johnsons, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2008), Exploring Corporate Strategy, 8th Edition, Prentice Hall, UK. Lockwood, A. and Medlik, S., (2002), Tourism and Hospitality in the 21st Century, Butterworth Heinemann Macmillan, H. and Tampoe, M. (2000), Strategic Management, Oxford University Press. Available at: http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/ansoff.htm, Access on: 21st Oct 2009, 17.23pm. Mintzberg, H. (1990), The Design School: Reconsidering the Basic Premises of Strategic Management, Strategic Management Journal, Volume. 11, Page: 171-195. Porter, M. E,. (1985), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. The Free Press Pringle, H. And Field, P., (2008), Brand immorality how brands can live long and prosper, Kogan page, IPA Recklies, D. (2001), Five Competitive Force (porter), Available at http://www.12manage.com/methods_porter_five_forces.html, Assessed on: 28th Oct 2009, 8.45pm. Reisinger, Y., (2009),International Tourism: Cultures and Behaviour Elsevire Ltd. Sà ¶nmez, F. S., Tarlow, P.,(1999) Tourism in Crisis: Managing the Effects of Terrorism Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 38, No. 1, 13-18 Thurlby, B., (1998), Competitive forces are also subject to change, Management Decision London Zarkos, S., Morgan, R. E. and Kouropalatis, Y. (2007), Real Options and Real Strategies, Strategic Change, Volume: 16, Page: 315-325. http://www.cipd.co.uk, (2008), PESTLE analysis, CIPD, Accessed on 3rd Nov 2009 at 15.56pm http://www.tui-group.com/uuid/68045be7dc26a80404db1d381be42f4b TUI Group Listing Memorandum, Accessed on 1st Nov 2009 at 19.24pm http://www.scribd.com/doc/17015152/TUI-Environmental-ReportTUI TUI Group Environmental report, Accessed on 5th Nov 2009 at 12.03am http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot_article.asp?ric=TUIGn.DE Business week 2009 , TUI AG(Consumer Directory sector, hotels restaurants and leisure) Accessed on 8th Nov 2009 at 13.33pm http://www.dailybusinessbuzz.ca/2009/11/02/pe-cutting-edge-technology-to-boost-tourism/ Daily business buzz, Cutting -edge technology to boost tourism 8th Nov 2009 at 22.54pm http://www.coastlearn.org/tourism/why_socioimpacts.html Coast learn, Sustainable Tourism : Socio-Culture Impact, Accessed on 6th Nov 2009 at 16.22 pm http://www.tui-group.com/en/sustainability/env_management TUI Group , Environment management and ecological sustainability, Accessed on 29th Oct 2009 at 16.16pm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/7094559.stm Holmes, S., 2007 How to make tourism greener , BBC news, Accessed on 8th Nov 2009 at 23.08pm http://www.tui-group.com/en/company/profile TUI Group, company profile Accessed on 30th Oct 2009 at 09.52am www.tuitravelplc.com/tui/uploads//TUITravelQ3Results.pdf TUI Travel Plc, third quarter report 2008, Accessed on 25th Nov 2009 at 11.52am http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/258da2ca-acd0-11de-91dc-00144feabdc0.html Yuk, K. P., 2009 TUI Travel takes steps to refinance loan, Accessed on 7th Nov 2009 at 22.14pm http://sd2008.tuitravelplc.com/tui-sd/pages/aboutthisreport/datamaterialityTUI Group, sustainability report 2008, Accessed on 28th Oct 2009 at 20.22pm 9.0 APPENDIX: APPENDIX (A) Market price responsiveness Price insensitivity Price sensitivity Cost-based Strategy Differentiation Strategy Stuck in the middle strategy Hybrid strategies Appropriate strategic approach Adopted form David Campbell, George Stonehouse andBill Houuston , Business Strategy (2000), 2nd edition. APPENDIX (B) Advantages and Disadvantages of vertical Integration Advantages Disadvantages Can eliminate steps and reduce duplication 1)need for overheads to coordinate vertical integration Avoid time consuming tasks and negotiate contracts Burden of excess capacity if not at all output is used. Improve marketing or technological intelligence Obsolete process may be penetrated Can create differentiation through coordination process Reduce strategic flexibility due to being locked in a business Provide superior control of firms market environment May link to an unprofitable adjacent business Offers an increased ability to create credibility for new products. May not be potential for synergy Adopted from Enz, A. C., (2009), Hospitality Strategic Management: Concept and Cases, 2nd Edition. Appendix (C) FACTORS REASONS POLITICAL/LEGAL Political instability of developing countries Government regulations and regulatory reforms. High taxation policies of developed countries. labour, environmental and health and safety regulations ECONOMICAL Rise in disposable income in developing countries Currency fluctuation. Rise in fuel cost Emerging market. SOCIAL Changing priorities of consumers Health and safety concerns Urbanisation. Disposal income in consumer level TECHNOLOGY Use of information technologies systems for reservations Use of internet Implementation of new sales and distribution channels Enhanced flexibility ENVIRONMENT Natural calamities Global warming limitation on carbon emission Appendix D STRATEGIC DIRECTION ANSOFF MATRIX Existing Product New Product A Market Penetration Consolidation B Product Development C Market Development D Diversification Existing Market New Market Adapted from H. Ansoff, Corporate Strategy, Penguin, 1988, Chapter 6 Appendix (E) Opportunity Our goal Embedding into our core business Ensure our business decisions take into account sustainable development principles Operational impacts Minimise the negative sustainability impacts (particularly on climate change) of our day-to-day operations Supply chain management Support our supply chain in managing their sustainability impacts Choice editing Edit out the holiday options that do not meet our minimum sustainability standards Choice influencing Make it easy for customers to choose a more sustainable holiday Awareness raising Help customers appreciate the sustainability impacts of tourism, driving demand for more sustainable holidays Changing behaviour   Encourage customers to change their actions in a way that maximises the positive and minimises the negative impacts of their holiday Innovation and product development   Develop new, more sustainable experiences in response to demand   Collaborating with our industry   Share best practice with others in the tourism industry where our competitiveness is not affected   Advocacy   Use our influence responsibly and in line with our commitment to sustainable development   Putting something back   Put something back into the environment or community wherever we cannot avoid a negative impact   http://sd2008.tuitravelplc.com/tui-sd/pages/ourapproach/ourstrategy?whoareyou=addstudent=truesubmit=Submit Threat of new Entrant Innovative ideas Wide range of holiday packages Threat of substitute Worldwide tourism attractions

A Successful Business Depends

A Successful Business Depends A successful business depends on the skills and market knowledge of its management team. It is important to have the right managers in place to drive the services. The management team needs strong project management and customer-focused skills to oversee all aspects of the service including sales and marketing, procurement, operational issues, finance and personal matters. To be successful management team needs to understand the importance of customer service. They also need to understand the requirements of businesses in the area and how services could be delivered. In a larger business, there should also have team leaders who are responsible for managing smaller groups of people and overseeing team budgets. It is important to develop their skills and understand the problems they face to make sure business runs smoothly. (Businesslink.gov.uk, 2011) In the Care Home total quality management application is essential not just assuring service quality but it is also a way of managing people and business processes to ensure complete customer satisfaction, internally and externally. It also combined with effective leadership and management which results in an organisation doing the right things right, first time. (businessballs.com, 2009) Management and leadership style have an important impact on quality improvement initiatives. Culture change may be required to facilitate improvement, especially if staff, Service Users and family members have different interpretations of care. Culture change must begin with owners and managers building new relationships with all stakeholders. (jrf.org.uk, 2008). All senior managers must demonstrate their seriousness and commitment to quality, middle managers must also demonstrate their commitment to ensure they communicate the principles, strategies and benefits to the people for whom they have responsibilities towards. (businessballs.com, 2009). To manage quality improvement Quality Assurance employed to ensure that successes are achieved in a given setting. Within adult social care, this means ensuring that the Essential Standards in Quality and Safety are being given importance and are informing all of the activities carried by the relevant care business. It is a pertinent way in which to gauge the level of quality being offered to Service Users. Consequently, high level policies and procedures need to be in place and implemented to ensure excellent levels of Quality Assurance. This assignment will discuss the effectiveness of the organisation and my own ability to manage and improve quality to meet customer requirements. It also tackled about development and implementation of improvement plans to meet or exceed customer requirements. UNDERSTAND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ORGANISATION AND OWN ABILITY TO MANAGE AND IMPROVE QUALITY TO MEET CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS. In every organisation to be really effective, quality must span all functions, all people, all departments and all activities and be a common language for improvement. The cooperation of everyone is important to achieve a total quality organisation. The quality chains should not be broken because if any point one person or one piece of equipment not meeting the requirements of the customer, internal and external, failure exists. Failure to meet the requirements in any part of the chain creates problems elsewhere so to achieve quality throughout the organisation, every person in the quality chain must be trained and fully aware of customers needs and expectation and must respect the needs and expectation of their suppliers. (businessball.com, 2009). Quality Management System in the Care Home is designed and implemented to meet the quality objectives to achieve ongoing satisfaction of Service Users and to meet the mandatory requirements of the relevant external authorities associated with the provision of care for Service Users. Leading and operating an organisation successfully, it is necessary to direct and control the company in a systematic and transparent manner. Success can result from implementing and maintaining a management system that is designed to continually improve performance while addressing the needs of all interested parties. (Southern Cross Healthcare Quality Manual, 2006). Critically assess the organisations effectiveness in managing quality to meet or exceed customer requirements. Alexander Court Care Centre aim is to provide the highest quality care for Service Users to enable them to have as much choice and independence as they capable of. It is their objectives to constantly strive to improve all aspects of customer service, to ensure the financial viability and efficiency of the business providing security for Service Users and Staff, to invest in development of Staff skills so that services provided to Service Users can improve and to work closely with contractors and suppliers to ensure quality service at an efficient cost. The responsibilities, authority and the interrelation of all personnel who manage, perform and verify work affecting quality are defined and communicated in order to facilitate effective quality management. All people have given authorities and responsibilities to enable them to assist in the achievement of the quality objectives. The Operations Director is responsible for identifying and providing all the necessary resources to meet the requirements of the quality system and the organisations customers. These resources include trained personnel for the management and the performance of work, including system audits and verification activities. Regular meetings are held either individually or collectively to brief staff on performance, customer requirements, any recurring problems and obtaining feedback as necessary. Will hold an annual review of all staff and arrange for the preparation of any training plans and implementation. He will chair the management review meeting. He is responsible for ensuring the organisations performance can be adequately measured to meet the requirements of its customers and has nominated a Quality Representative with the authority and responsibility for ensuring that the requirements of the latest issue of ISO 9001:2000 are implemented and maintained by internal quality audits. The Quality Representative is responsible for monitoring the system and in particular for advising and training other personnel in the system, continually looking for improvements. Ensuring that internal quality audits are carried out as detailed on the schedule, and that all corrective and preventive actions arising from audits are close out, reporting to the management review on the performance, including needs for improvement and the awareness of customer needs and requirements throughout the organisation. Managing Director and top management have defined and implemented processes for the communication of quality requirements, objectives and accomplishments. The providing of this information becomes a resource for improvement and the involvement of people in achieving quality objectives including one to one, and team briefings, in house memos, information on notice boards, audio visual and electronic media as necessary. The management review the input and output process analysing current activities that may require change and consider opportunities for the improvement, including quality policy and quality objectives. In addition, all feedback received whether positive or negative is used as a learning and use to formulate changes in policies, procedures and processes. Regular Service User and relatives meeting and invitations to people to complete Satisfaction Survey to enable comments and provide opportunity to give open and honest feedback on the service provided. The Care Centre is registered and inspected by Care Quality Commission to ensure they complied with the guidelines and standards of the Health and Social Care Act and Care Standards Act. The Home Manager completes an action plan to address any areas of weakness, this way to ensure there is a process of continual improvement. Evaluate own ability to manage quality to meet or exceed customer requirements. In managing quality to meet customer requirements, it start with staffing factors such as turnover, staffing levels, worker stability, training and the way care is organised, it may determine staff effectiveness. Staff communication from top management as well as the need to gain support from them is important to enable staff to provide feedback. As an aspiring manager, I have to train and educate my staff to promote and establish a quality service. This includes: quality assurance, documentation, quality audits, total quality management, process management, statistics and all the methodologies for solving problems. It may be a long process so it is a good idea to firstly train qualified staff and trainers who will in turn train the rest of the staff. Training programme or continuous personnel development is important to ensure all staff have the necessary knowledge, skills and competencies to undertake appropriate activities in their particular area of responsibility as well as their performance quality improve. As a healthcare worker customer care is important, like for instance to our Service User and their family, we should value them by providing friendly assistance and creating comfortable atmosphere. We ensure we deal with their inquiries, create a good first impression so that they have confidence on you because I believe the saying that first impression last. Our behaviour and the way we communicate to them affects their impression so we have to act professionally. Because we are the person the Service Users sees all day so we have to comfort, care and always consider their safety. We also not forget the core values such as providing service user privacy and dignity by informing them any procedure that going to do, never expose them unnecessarily, knocking on doors and closing it, second respect by considering their thought and feelings, third their choice should always be offered and lastly fulfilment by asking them are they happy with the service received. By doing all these simple things, it can build a positive working relationship and quality assurance with the Service Users and their family. 2. BE ABLE TO PLAN AND IMPLEMENT PROJECTS TO MEET, AND IF POSSIBLE, EXCEED CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS In the organisation quality improvement plan is important to meet the quality objectives of the company to achieve satisfaction of the Service Users and to meet the mandatory requirements of the relevant external authorities associated with the provision of care for Service Users. It is designed for the organisation to have direction and reflect on their accomplishment. The Quality Improvement Plan is a document about how the organisation will manage, deploy, and review the quality of care. It describes the overall management approach to quality and what is to be accomplished like mission and vision that staff can relate to in their daily work. It identifies the key terms so that staff has the same vocabulary to avoid misconceptions and unclear messages. It also describes how the quality program will be managed and monitored and includes the process for selecting quality improvement projects and relevant team leaders. The improvement plan also can indicate the types of training and support that will be available to the organisation as a whole. This Quality Improvement plan identifies the quality process, quality tools and techniques to be utilised throughout the organisation and how planned QI activities and processes are updated to the management and staff on regular basis to keep them informed as to what progress is being achieved. It also describes any quality roles and responsibilities that will exist and how measurement and analysis will be utilised and how it will help define future quality improvement activities. The Improvement plan will help to evaluate activities that will be utilised to determine the effectiveness of quality of care. 2.1 Develop an improvement plan that is designed to meet and, if possible, exceed customer requirements. Quality Improvement Plan is directed towards the organisation to assist in the delivery of quality care and success of developing skilled and educated workforce. Therefore, the organisation will continue to provide opportunities for staff to develop their careers through training and further study in order to provide highest quality service. This development ensures that all staff has the necessary knowledge, skills, and competencies to undertake appropriate activities in their particular area of responsibility. It also directed to the Service Users and Relatives to ensure that they receive quality care and maintain their dignity, privacy, independence and respect. Alexander Court Care Centre acknowledges that to lead and operate an organisation successfully, it is necessary to direct and control in a systematic and transparent manner. Success can result from implementing and maintaining a management system that is designed to continually improve performance while addressing the needs of all interested parties. (Quality Manual, 2006) Alexander Court includes the eight quality management principles noted below and top management uses these principles in order to lead the organisation towards improved performance. Customer Focus Organisations depend on their customers and therefore should understand current and future customer needs, should meet customer requirements and strive to exceed customer expectations. Leadership Leaders establish unity of purpose and direction of the organisation. They should create and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organisations objectives. Involvement of People People at all levels are the essence of the organisation and their fully involvement enables their abilities to be used for the organisations benefit. Process approach A desired result is achieved more efficiently when activities and related resources are managed as a process. System approach to management Identify, understand and manage interrelated processes as a system contributes to the organisations effectiveness and efficiency in achieving its objectives. Continual improvement Continual improvement of the organisations overall performance is a permanent objective of the organisation. Factual approach to decision making Effective decisions are based on the analysis of data and information. Mutually beneficial supplier relationship An organisation and its supplier are interdependent and a mutually beneficial relationship enhances the ability of both to create value. An efficient and effective way to tackle process or quality improvement is through teamwork. However, people will not engage in improvement activities without commitment and recognition from organisations leaders, a climate for improvement and strategy to implement effectively.(businessballs.com, 2009). There are some factors to be considered by the organisation after philosophy and mission have been established. First is chain of command which specifies the authority, responsibility and communication relationships between leaders and staff from top to bottom in the organisation by delegating authority responsible for programmes, staffing, and budget.(adekass.blogspot.com, 2008). Staffing such as human resource planning and recruitment should also consider so that finding the right people for the right jobs. The process of staff selection involves evaluating candidates through interviews and choosing the best candidate for the specific job.(fao.org, 2012). Then staff orientation to t he particular unit, colleagues and to the organisation. Staff should be aware of the mission and objectives of the organisation, the nature of responsibilities, the degree of accountability, and the systems and procedures followed to accomplish the tasks associated with the job. 2.2 Implement improvement plans designed to meet or exceed customer requirements. To meet customer requirements the suppliers must aware of customers needs and expectations, each person must respect also the needs and expectations of their suppliers. This situation is an open partnership style relationship, were both parties share and benefit. To be able to become a total quality organisation, some of the bad practices must be recognised and corrected. These may include: leaders not giving clear direction or inadequate supervision procedures, Staff behaviour such as fire fighting or reactive behaviour and the its not my problem attitude.(businessball.com, 2009) Good management involves regular procedures for overseeing and reviewing work, discussing difficulties and clarifying how to proceed. (akdn.org, 06/2004). So management must implement improvement plans to the staff members. The primary goal with the plan is improving quality performance by improving individual staff performance and ensuring them attains their own level of improvement. The key to improving staff performance is setting goals and this set of goals keep them motivated by constructively teaching them how to improve on specific areas they are struggle with. For example, time management because staff tardiness is one of the problems in the organisation apa rt from laziness and lack of skills. Managers also use formal documentation like supervision, appraisal forms and staff satisfaction survey which can help explain performance needs improvement. As an aspiring manager I have to develop improvement plan to the Staff whose performance requires improvement which I identified at the table, with specified action plan, timeframe and the support and resources to assist the staff. (See Appendix I). This performance improvement plan will help to meet the customer requirements in the organisation. CONCLUSION Managing improvement in the organisation is important to be able to satisfied customers and good business result. Good leader brings out the best in their people in a way that makes workplace productive. Teamwork within the organisation is the key to success of every business. Successful organisation involved 100 percent of their minds and passion in identifying problems and resolving them. They seek to improve performance in every area of their work by understanding customer requirements and improving performance to meet customer needs more effectively, improving communications between departments by breaking down internal barriers, getting staff involved by improving performance and working in teams to improve morale and support the development of individuals. Managers encourage open discussion to improve performance, and about the identification and implementation of solutions to problems.

evilmac Evil Defined in Shakespeares Macbeth and Beowulf :: comparison compare contrast essays

Evil Defined in Macbeth and Beowulf For centuries evil was defined by human preoccupation, and it was often indicated in the English literature. From Beowulf to Macbeth, people's perception on the nature of evil had matured and became more complex. In Beowulf's period, evil was simply defined based on outer appearances and actions. The author of Beowulf described the evil Grendel as a fearsome monster: "He(with sharp claws)...snatched up thirty men, smashed them." For the same reason, Grendel's mother was also considered evil although she merely wanted to revenge her son. The last evil character in the story was the Dragon. He killed the Geats and burned their homes with his breath of fire. Monster and evil certainly had the same meaning in the Pre-Christian time. As Christian was introduced, a new definition of evil that concentrated on human values and thoughts had emerged. The Christian believed that the seven deadly sins were the cause of evil. Thus in the play Macbeth, Macbeth's tragic flaws were actually the deadly sins. They were greedy and envy. Macbeth was not satisfied with his current position, "Thane of Glamis," and not even his newly gained "Thane of Cawdor" would please him. He had only one thing on his mind, the throne. When he became the king, he envied Banquo's having heirs who would be rivals for the throne. The Christian also developed the theory of the great chain of being. It basically stated that a person could not and was not allowed to change his social status. Thus in the play, everyone eventually turned against Macbeth, who had broken the great chain of being by taking the throne from the rightful king. At the end, Macbeth died as an evil being who had broken all the Christian rules. The nature of evil also became unclear as it got more complex. In Macbeth, the play began with the three witches' meeting. To a first-time reader, it would appear that these "weird sister" were the evil ones, because it was a common human perception. Who could be more evil than a witch who vowed to punish a sailor only because his wife cursed her and refused to give her some

The Limits of Software Liability Essay -- Legal Business Technology

"Faulty software can cost lives, cause injury, or economic damage. Write an essay to investigate the question, under which circumstances a software company should be liable for the damage caused. Use an example where software failures are potentially dangerous, such as that of the Prius's brake software. Discuss the difference between strict and negligent liability and comment on the social and economic impact stricter liability practices for software could have." It is remarkable, that nowadays, we have complex software systems everywhere. We have them in our dishwashers, and in our wristwatches, though they are not quite so mission-critical. But sometimes, the human factor can be devastating, because of the negligence or the strict liability who dominates, and often devastating implications not only for the man himself, but can affect the whole economy of a country, succeeding or at least trying to succeed, ignoring the institutions, rules and contract. A highly representative example of the failure of human factors in an attempt to â€Å"progress† with the help of a software, is Ariane 5 explosion, that was the cause of a huge economic gap. It took the European Space Agency 10 years and $7 billion to produce Ariane 5, a giant rocket capable of hurling a pair of three-ton satellites into orbit with each launch. It intended to give Europe overwhelming supremacy in the commercial space business. There was no risk of lightning since the strength of the electric field in the spray was negligible. Perhaps, one problem, leading the explosion, was the visibility. The countdown, which also comprises the filling of the core stage, went smoothly until the first seven minutes when the launch was put on hold since the visibility criteria ... ... at what determines the law and contracts, addressing scientists. Lastly, let us continue our efforts to improve our world, even with technological wonders. Works Cited ARIANE 5 / Flight 501 Failure / Prof. J. L. LIONS / Paris, 19 July 1996 http://sspg1.bnsc.rl.ac.uk/Share/ISTP/ariane5r.htm A Bug and a Crash / by James Gleick http://www.around.com/ariane.html Hardware and Software Liability / by Tim Tompkins / 6 December 2000 http://www.cs.rpi.edu/academics/courses/fall00/ethics/papers/tompkt.html Software liability laws: a dangerous solution / Chase Venters / September 5, 2007 http://lwn.net/Articles/247933/ SOFTWARE LIABILITY / Cem Kaner, J.D., Ph.D. / 1997 http://www.badsoftware.com/theories.htm ARIANE 5 / Flight 501 Failure / Prof. J. L. LIONS / Paris, 19 July 1996 http://sunnyday.mit.edu/accidents/Ariane5accidentreport.html

The Prospects for a National Missile Defense :: Research Papers

The Prospects for a National Missile Defense Imagine this scenario: approximately fifteen intercontinental ballistic missiles are unintentionally launched from Russia. The missiles are equipped with several nuclear warheads, and their final target is the United States. The United States already possesses an early-warning system and thus detects the missiles more than twenty minutes before they land. However, even though they can detect the missiles, the United States has no means of defending itself from them. If even one of the warheads lands inside the United States, the consequences will be devastating. Hundreds of thousands will perish, millions more will suffer life-altering injuries and diseases, and the targeted city will lie in ruins. The prospect of a ballistic missile attack has been a fear in the United States since the 1950s, and that concern has been renewed with the end of the Cold War. Currently nations have limited means of protecting themselves. Both Russia and the United States have the bounded capability to d efend against short-range missiles, but neither can protect their territory from intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). As a result of a growing concern in the United States, Congress has pushed for a national missile defense system. The purpose of a national missile defense system is to destroy a ballistic missile launched on the US before it can ever reach it. If an operational national missile defense system were implemented, the United States would theoretically be able to thwart any ballistic missile attack on any of its fifty states. Two questions must be answered, however, before the United States begins the implementation of a national missile defense system. First, how feasible and reliable is the technology of the system? Second, assuming that the defense system would be operational and could protect the United States against a ballistic missile attack, what implications would such a system hold for international security? That is, would it serve as a stabilizing or destabilizing factor? This paper will serve to show that the technology for NMD is feasible when its technical components are looked at individually, and it is only a matter of years before a national missile defense system could be minimally operational. However, if countermeasures are taken against an NMD system, it will never be completely successful in a ballistic missile attack. Finally, regardless of its feasibility an NMD system would destabilize international security and could possibly even reinitiate another arms race, and for this reason, alternatives should be considered.

Globalization of multinational activities: meaning and debate Essay

There are many definition of the globalization. For example, the International Monetary fund consider globalization of multinational activities as â€Å"the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, free international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology†. (Dowling 2005) There is one more definition given by the International forum on Globalization. According to it globalization is â€Å"the present worldwide drive toward a globalized economic system dominated by supranational corporate trade and banking institutions that are not accountable to democratic processes or national governments†. (Wright 2001) But first of all globalization promotes cultural diversity and division of labor. Immanuel Wallerstein stresses that globalization of business can’t be understood separately from historical events. Lots of definition ensue the debates concerning roles of governments, companies and individuals in increasing national welfare in the context of globalization. Globalization of multinational activities has not only economic aspect but also political, cultural and technological, because they are closely connected with each other. It means that changes in one aspect are followed by changes in others. These aspects of globalization are considered key points to people’s quality of life and social benefits. (Debrah 2004) The economic aspect of impact involves trade, migration and investment opportunities. Globalization of international trade suggests more available access to goods and services which were never seen before. Due to this process people are able nowadays to buy a wide range of services and goods. International investments take place through foreign direct investments. It means that multinational organizations invest directly the assets in foreign companies or investments take place by purchasing and selling the financial assets of other foreign companies. Due to globalization independent migration suggests that individuals can find employment in spheres where the companies have labor shortages. But free migration is criticized, because it can lead to destruction of native industry and loss of jobs. International investments are also criticized, because if to accept such financial scheme the country can loose economic sovereignty and â€Å"may be forced to set policies that are contrary to its citizen’s interests or desires†. What is more important is that international companies investing in country or company can receive too much economic and political power. It is admitted by critics that migration is like exploitation of workers from other countries. (Baolian 2004) The political impact of globalization is creation of international rules and institution to deal with trade, human rights and international environment. New global institutions for regulating multinational activities are World Trade Organization, Euro currency and North American Free Trade Agreement, etc. central question is if government can control the economic activity of world companies. Globalization is also characterized by cultural global ties i. e. new ideas and concepts about trade and media throughout the world. However global cultural ties are not always favorable as they may cause constrains for companies. One more point about globalization of business is the significant change of technologies, transport and communication. Nowadays transportation costs have been reduced significantly because of technological advances which make foreign markets freer for trade. It was counted that billions of dollars in different kinds of assets and/or currencies are exchanged every day with the help of electronic means. It is seen that globalization spreads the developing and appearing of new multinational activities es. (Baolian 2004) Globalization: impact on multinational activities Globalization is sometimes described as the main cause of disturbances and changes in the world. Actually the term â€Å"globalization† is the shelter for collective effect and the changes. Globalization is the total changes taken place in the factories or storefronts which are seen in the spheres of economy, multinational activities and lifestyles. It is a matter of fact that this process was caused by four significant forms of capital flows throughout the global economy and multinational activities’ spheres. It is necessary to mention these four important capital flows: 1. Human capital involving the processes of immigration, emigration, migration and/deportation. 2. Financial capital including debts, equity, aids, credits, lending. 3. Resource capital means resources of energy, lumber, different minerals resources and metals. 4. Power capital suggests security forces, armed forces and different alliances and unions among countries (Wright 2001) It was mentioned that most difficulties and stresses confronted in the general affairs of multinational activities and interactions between them can be revealed in the four mentioned capital flows. It means that globalization has great influence on these flows and is able to direct them. Globalization also affects telecommunication and travel modes and they have become cheaper. As the result they have become accessible to more people, domestic and international companies. As for cultural and political friction they â€Å"can thus be explained as arising from the difference in opinion between two or more parties about the origination, treatment, timing, ownership or value of one or more of the capital flows†. (Wright 2001) The impact of globalization is constant and inevitable. And the process of globalization was inevitable. And there appears a question: why? The main reasons of such globalization influence in the word are: advantages of low labor costs need of vertical and horizontal division of labor, great number of untapped markets, and legislation in foreign countries. It is seen that the mentioned points provide international companies with lots of profitable opportunities. It is a common knowledge that globalization of multinational activities is first of all significant expansion of regional and international markets, international laws, cultures and values. It is possible to say that globalization describes the expansion of politics from narrower area (local, regional, national) to broader horizon of international area and thus the whole planet. It is obvious that the impact of globalization is really great and considerable. Due to the globalization processes occurring in the world international and domestic markets become now standardized, mostly because they are interacting, influencing and in such a way combining with ex-rivals from different parts of the world. (Sparrow 2004) Globalization is positive, because there is an increasing competitiveness of multinational activities. Nowadays the national markets are too saturated and companies need new flied of action on a larger scale. The next fact is that globalization of business aims at gaining economies of large scale. It means that investments, administration, production of goods and services, marketing and advertising will be equally distributed among many countries. As the result the expansion costs will be significantly reduced. The last point witness for globalization is that nowadays consumers have globalized preferences and product markets have to correspond. It means that international markets have to be also global. (Sparrow 2004) Globalization of multinational activities and economy was enabled by the series of factors. Highly developed technology gives the possibility for computing power to reduce the costs of transactions and information gathering. This push is intensified by the Internet, because it is global and rather cheap. Modern communications provide the access to available information in the whole world. The importance of communication and Internet has significantly increased, because they are useful for people’s communication. It is a matter of fact that the barriers to international trade and business are falling and becoming more standardized. The important forces were GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) and WTO (World Trade Organization). Due to globalization many countries deliberately reduced their trade barriers, removed barriers to direct foreign investments, and liberalized trade control. Governments of many countries believe that such measures will promote and assist national welfare, economic growth and developing of multinational activities. It is necessary to notice international finances and rapid capital flows. Nowadays technology developments assist banks and other financial establishments in funding foreign expansion, setting new affiliated offices and providing investment opportunities in the whole world. (Dowling 2004) The possibilities of the globalization are: 1. To set economies of large scale, because Internet and communications are global by nature and they are cheaper than other media. 2. Multinational activities are more credible and people believe if it is successful in many countries, its quality is good as well. 3. It is easier and quicker to introduce new production line with global international brand. The main strategies of international globalization are to consolidate comparative advantage, to develop honest competency, to develop global way of thinking, to globalize competency of international companies and to integrate countries. But it is known that the demand of globalization is to think globally, but to act locally. It is a matter of fact that international organizations used to deal with restricted markets and it is hard for them to deal with new global perspectives. New global economy tries to get rid of static organization and to change them by new organization more suited for new globalized economy and new globalized world. (Sparrow 2004) â€Å"Over the course of the past decade, in many countries (especially in the developed world), savers have increasingly diversified their portfolios to include foreign financial assets (foreign bonds, equities, loans), while borrowers increasingly turn to foreign sources of funds, along with domestic ones. While flows of this kind to developing countries also rose sharply in the 1990s, they have been much more volatile than either trade or FDI flows, and have also been restricted to a narrower range of ’emerging market’ countries. † (Sparrow 2004) It is a matter of fact that the number of international transactions dramatically increased during last decades. Economies of many countries became internationalized as their GNP increased due to international exchange of goods and services. It was mentioned that â€Å"increasing economic integration among nations, some scholars argue, has dramatically reduced the barriers between national economies, undermining the autonomy of national governments†. (Dowling 2004) The positive and negative sides of globalization Globalisation has caused many problems for business executives and the government. However, many people support this process. The supporters of globalisation state that globalisation is inevitable and can’t be stopped anyhow. They even argue that globalization can make the world rich. Speaking about four factors of production (labour, land, entrepreneur and capital) we can’t but mention that in the process of globalisation two or three factors must cross the borders. If a company invests in another country, it will receive dividends from that country. There is a flow of these factors of production through multinational corporations. Modern companies try to respond to the emerging open market opportunities, and for the aim of winning better market share and higher profits, have to pay their attention to the globalization and the need for creating large multinational corporations. A bright example of such changes may be represented by the German Hoechst chemical company, which at the beginning of the year 2000, admitting the rapidly changing positions on the chemical market and understanding the new accents on the global cooperation and production, decided to take this step and create a new structure. Through the 2001 and 2002 it has sold twelve of its businesses in Germany for being no more profitable, and has bought four new pharmaceutical firms outside Europe. Hoechst in Europe was the pioneer of such drastic changes in the multinational management trends. Though the Hoechst’s labor force in Germany was decreased almost twice, it became possible to increase the sales over the US continent from 6 to 33 percent of the market share by the end of 2002. These actions could be viewed as an example of new innovative approach to the company’s management. On the other hand, and as Mockler (2002) puts it, ‘such actions were contributing to unrest and uncertainty in Europe’. (p. 12) The topic of multinational management should be discussed though the real life examples and it would be appropriate to note a company which was able to master the issues of multinational management. The talk will be about GE, a company which is now one of the most advanced and highly innovative corporations in relation to management approaches and structures. Its ex-CEO Jack Welch is known all over the world for having put the quality of the company management, and thus the quality of its operations to another, much higher level. Understanding the huge perspective of the global company through the period of Welch’s being GE’s CEO he has implemented one of the most prominent and successful management systems in the world. His main idea was to work though the principle of ‘creative destruction’, which was later used by other multinational companies. (Rugman & Verbeke 2003, p. 29) ‘The objective of the GE’s management strategy was to stretch the potential of the firm, even though this firm was very large. To fulfill these tasks it was necessary to apply the abilities of defining strategic guidelines which channel and stimulate innovative and entrepreneurial actions without inhibiting often unstructured individual initiative’. (Mockler 2002, p. 15) GE has become the multinational company with the ability to adapt to the changes and to implement the latest innovations into its operations. Welch understood the necessity of these innovations, and meeting these challenges, the company turned them into its assets. GE is one of the brightest examples of the multinational companies, which were able to adapt to the rapidly changing technologies and management theories. As the core problem of the multinational corporations is to work through different cultures and traditions, which is almost impossible at times, the role of management must not be underestimated in relation to such global structures. Management provides such company with clear structure, understanding of problems and challenges and gives the clear picture of its market position. GE made it possible for each worker to understand his role in contributing into the general process of management. Namely management has made this company one of the most successful in the recent years. The opponents of globalization argue that globalisation does not bring back more returns as the returns that go out. They argue that for example, a company likes British Telkom, which went abroad because of internal problems with its multinational business. However, these examples can’t spoil positive judgment about globalization. We have many examples of companies that were on the virtue of collapsing but now they are performing very well after going international. Why do others think that globalisation is not useful? In this article â€Å"Will globalisation make you happy† Wright R. (2000) argued that globalisation makes human beings happy but unfortunately they are pursuing things such as power and money which does not bring everlasting happiness. He asks the question, â€Å"does money bring happiness? †. Wright writes that survey carried out in many countries, both rich and poor and confirms that poor relationships are the source of unhappiness and there is no happiness in richness. In the same survey, it was found that a nation is fairly comfortable with a standard of living that is lower than what the average human being thinks. Changing of Employee relations Also a lot of needs appear concerning the changing of employee behaviour in order to provide effective employee relations. There a lot of important work to be implemented by managers and employees itself. (Harris et al) Most people work and live in familiar environment, in the surroundings we were brought up or places similar to this. Accordingly, people that we meet, work with and entertain, are similar to us, due to the fact that they have the same ethnic context, similar viewpoints and religion, the same framework of values, and the same language, that we speak. (Harris et al) Effective changes of behavior starts with detailed interpreting the terms under which the individual is involved into behavior that needs to be changed. It is necessary to understand his motivation in these or that circumstances. Understanding these aspects will make the process of motivating the person easier and predictable. For instance, many supervising managers suppose that speaking foreign languages during working process is the evidence of employee’s laziness, disrespect and desire to detract from the work. But in fact many employees use another language while attempting to perform some information related to their work more accurately. Sometimes it may be the evidence of stress or tiredness, or just an attempt to make the process of communication faster. (Harris et al) One important aspect of making successful cross-cultural interrelations is to be considered. Building up mutual understanding and successful communication demands self-assessment. Each employee should clearly understand and evaluate the styles he or she uses in various situations, and to what degree. (Harris et al) Ability to appreciate other people is significant for successful cross-cultural communication and cooperation. Each person should be aware that it is important to find time to pay attention to other people, to understand and evaluate their style and behavior. For instance, within a definite firm, manager staff members may represent a wide range or personal styles: â€Å"with regard to completing reports, one team leader may require pages of details, and the other leader wants only bullet points of information†. (Harris et al, p. 89) As regards to such peculiarities, cultural and language differences do not matter. Professional manager should realize that the problems of cross-cultural relations affect many spheres of business and economy, for instance, marketing, both domestic and international. It is necessary to take into consideration that, for instance, USA culture consists not only of native culture. Foreign culture of the state is made up not only by foreign citizens. American citizens now may have foreign origin, for instance, Indian, Chinese, Canadian, Australian or Russian. That is why understanding foreign cultures is important for the workers in any sphere, even if they deal with domestic consumers and companies. For those who have business relations with foreign customers of companies such skill is compulsory. The process of globalization and changing conditions of the world market made all spheres of business and finance a cross-cultural phenomenon, which demands that managers on all levels must be aware of cultural differences and means of establishing successful relations to succeed in the market. (Harris et al)