Experiential Learning Theory The WritePass Journal

Experiential Learning Theory Experiential Learning Theory IntroductionDescription of a case from my teachingLearning hypothesis pertinent to my educating caseExperiential Learning Theory (Kolb)Principles of Experiential Learning:Four Stages of Kolb’s Learning CycleConcrete experience:Reflective observation:Abstract conceptualization:Active experimentation:Four Types of Learning Styles (Kolb, 1976)AssimilatorsConvergers AccommodatorsDivergersRelevance of KOLB Learning theorY TO MY CASEConcrete Experience:Reflection: Abstract Conceptualisation:Active Experimentation:Some Practical Difficulties and Potential ImprovementsReferencesRelated Presentation It is hard to characterize taking in however I comprehend from my educators that it is the obtaining of information and aptitudes from directions or studies. The instructors have a tendency and want to enable our students to secure, keep up or build up the information, aptitudes and perspectives that they need with regards to their ordinary work (Mann 2002). As indicated by Knowles, learning is extensively characterized as the event of progress in an individual with respect to conduct, abilities, information and mentality. (Knowles 2005).  Portrayal of a case from my instructing This was an intra-usable preparing for a Core Medical Trainee specialist (CT Doctor) in the recreation of tissue imperfection utilizing a neighborhood skin fold. The student had never done this strategy freely however had seen comparable systems being done and is normally observing the postoperative aftereffects of cases worked by me and different partners in the out patient follow up facilities. The point of this encouraging was a coordinated careful aptitude instructing of how to do a rhomboid fold, which is a transposition fold to reproduce the imperfection following extraction of an injury. In spite of the fact that it was an instructing of a usable strategy, it included three phases specifically pre-usable arranging, per-employable functional system and post-usable documentation and reflection on the exhibition. The understudy generally is required to have fundamental earlier information about the skin life structures including the segments of folds, blood course and various kinds of fold arrangements dependent on the plan (transposition, pivot and progression folds). The understudy is instructed about the arrangement on the surgical table, hanging the activity site, watching every aseptic safety measure, evacuation of the skin injury (this part is destroyed me this showing meeting), arranging of the fold, raising the fold, insetting the fold to fill the imperfection, stitching the fold and benefactor site, applying the dressing, documentation of activity notes, reflection on the presentation and conceding to what changes expected to improve the exhibition next time. Learning hypothesis appropriate to my educating case Experiential Learning Theory (Kolb) The experiential learning hypothesis was created by Kolb stressing the significance of involvement with the learning procedure and put together his hypothesis with respect to crafted by Dewey, Lewin and Piaget (Kolb 1984). Kolb offers a working meaning of learning as â€Å"a process whereby information is made through the change of experience† and underscores the significance of adjustment, as information isn't static yet changing, as we learn and relearn through the procedure of progressing experience which changes the training. Kolb fabricated this upon six recommendations (Kolb 1984): Learning is best considered as a procedure, not as far as results  Learning is a nonstop procedure grounded in understanding  The way toward learning requires the goals of contentions between argumentatively contradicted methods of adjustment to the world  Learning is an all encompassing procedure of adjustment to the world  Taking in results from synergistic exchanges between the individual and the earth  Learning is a procedure of making information Standards of Experiential Learning: Learning happens best when individuals learn through their own encounters and from the impressions of their own encounters as opposed to through talks and speculations to create information and abilities. In realizing what the students do is more significant as opposed to what they know Experiential learning makes the learners’ conduct and perspectives unequivocal with the goal that they can be evaluated to build it better for the future encounters. It isn't only adequate to show the student what to do yet they should be really told the best way to do and furthermore how to improve it. The recurrent learning offers the students persistent improvement by rehashing the learning wheel again and again. Persistent utilization of the experiential learning cycle guides people and gatherings or groups towards improved execution and great results. Experiential learning isn't just about procuring information and abilities yet creating involvement with the student to find what it resembles, how it affected them and what it intended to them, which thusly is the way to producing more prominent aptitudes. The new encounters create new thoughts as well as discard or alter the old ones. Experiential learning offers significance to the key part of realizing which is to accomplish change in conduct and disposition by the all encompassing methodology of tending to intellectual, enthusiastic and the physical part of the student. Numerous students feel experiential learning process gives a feeling of fulfillment, prize or blessing in light of its worth is valued by the student as a fundamental learning instrument Kolb built up a repetitive learning process comprising of four phases (capacities): Solid experience (capacities)  â€Å"Doing something† Intelligent perception (capacities)  â€Å"Observing and thinking about the action† Unique conceptualization (capacities) â€Å"Thinking and finding where the activity fits in with theory† Dynamic experimentation (capacities) â€Å"Planning to actualize the plan to take care of real issues The learning can start at any of the four phases (Kolb Fry 1975) however needs to experience each of the four phases to finish and progress further for figuring out how to proceed. Kolb and Fry created four sorts of learning styles individuals use and they can be put between solid experience and theoretical conceptualization; and dynamic experimentation and intelligent perception as demonstrated as follows: Four Stages of Kolb’s Learning Cycle Solid experience: The student plays out an action and gains understanding. The action can be an exhibit, a contextual analysis or learning an aptitude, for example, helping an activity or playing out an activity under management. The student interfaces this mindfulness or involvement in his earlier information or experience bringing about another experience or information and this structures a reason for future experience. Intelligent perception: The student reflects upon the exhibition as a self-reflection, with that of the spectator who is normally the instructor or from a little gathering as conversation or valuable analysis. This is significant for the student to connect in with his earlier information and experience and push ahead.  Unique conceptualization: The student builds up an idea or hypothesis from the information increased through this experience and makes a few arrangements to adjust or change his future practice. Dynamic experimentation: At this stage the student incorporates of the exercises gained from this experience to test the answers for improve the new experiential cycle. Four Types of Learning Styles (Kolb, 1976) Assimilators (Dynamic conceptualisation intelligent perception): This gathering has a solid capacity to learn better when given sound sensible speculations to rehearse and reflect. They are worried about dynamic ideas than individuals. Convergersâ (Unique conceptualisation dynamic experimentation): This gathering learn better when presented to commonsense utilizations of ideas and hypotheses. They are focussed on taking care of explicit issues by thinking. Accommodators (Solid experience dynamic experimentation): Their most noteworthy quality is getting things done and learn better whenever offered chance to have â€Å"hands-on† encounters. They perform well when required to respond to quick conditions Divergers (Solid experience intelligent perception): This gathering is solid in innovative capacity and are acceptable at producing thoughts and seeing things from alternate points of view. They are keen on individuals. In spite of the fact that there are diverse transcendent styles of learning in every student, there is impressive cover and blend of various circumstances that is probably going to supplement the learning. Kolb’s model gives a significant down to earth structure to planning experiential learning for grown-ups. Pertinence of KOLB Learning theorY TO MY CASE Solid Experience: The CT specialist began from the phase of solid experience when the fold system was arranged. He has seen me doing the fold system previously and he has additionally helped me to play out this technique previously. We had conversation pre-operatively, which set off his previous information about the fold and his earlier information on life systems, method of fold rise, insetting, and stitching set up. This is trailed by the employable methodology done by him and I helped him. This down to earth experience conferred new degree of comprehension to him and absorbed with his earlier information. Reflection: After the culmination of the activity and documentation, we had the opportunity to think about this new experience and unite the involvement in the earlier information to frame another knowledge.â During the conversation, I have recognized the valid statements and both have concurred the significance of tissue dealing with, stitch positions according to tissue planes and the need to trim off the overabundance massive tissues in the fold to fill the deformity better. Theoretical Conceptualisation: Because of above conversation and criticism, we have distinguished zones

The History of the Radio and Television Receiver Industry in essays

The History of the Radio and Television Receiver Industry in papers In the article Introductory paper: the social molding of innovation (1999), MacKenzie and Wajcman guaranteed that mechanical determinism is definitely not a palatable clarification for the advancement of new advances. Their perspective in Technological Determinism as a Theory of Technology expressed that innovation just changes, either following science or voluntarily (MacKenzie and Wajcman, 1999, p 5). In A Network of Tinkerers: The Advent of the Radio and Television Receiver Industry in Japan, the creator Yuzo Takahashi gave an authentic appearance and examination of the improvement of radio and TV inputs in Japan. Yuzo Takahashis article gives a contextual investigation of the innovative improvements that bolsters the contentions put by MacKenzie and Wajcman against mechanical determinism. All the more critically, the authentic improvement of these gadgets in Japan delineates the accompanying cases put by MacKenzie and Wajcman in their exposition: right off the bat The Economic Shaping of Technology: The predominant perspective about the association among financial matters and innovation is the neoclassical methodology, which depends on the presumption that organizations will pick the procedure of the creation that offers the most extreme conceivable pace of benefit. (1999, p 13); furthermore, Does Science Shape Technology?: Where science and innovation are associated, as they progressively have been since the second 50% of the nineteenth century. Innovation has apparently contributed as a lot to science as the other way around. (1999, p 7); and ultimately The Path Dependence of Technical Change: The historical backdrop of innovation is a way needy history, one in which past occasions practice proceeding with impacts. Which of at least two advancements inevitably succe ed isn't controlled by their inherent qualities alone, yet additionally by their narratives of reception. In the article A N... <!

Essay Writing

Essay WritingThe importance of essay writing to create a good academic record cannot be emphasized enough. People are encouraged to write essays for different reasons. Some of them have a degree in a specific subject, while others want to impress a prospective employer. Whatever the reasons, essay writing is certainly worth the effort.If you wish to improve your academic records, it is important that you take up essay writing as a study option. Though writing short essays is fun, it is important that you find a suitable topic to write about. The goal of your essay should be to persuade the reader so that they agree with your opinion.This is not a difficult task but it requires a considerable amount of planning. It is also important that you make a point out of different parts of your essay. A section may be devoted to a particular point of view, it may be an analysis of a part of the subject or it may be a review of the work of a particular author. These are all important aspects of essay writing.Another important aspect of essay writing is research. You need to determine a thorough research before you start writing the essay. In case the research is missing, then you can always substitute it with your own work experience or expertise.The final aspect of essay writing is finding the right people to help you write. Once you have the research done, it is important that you find a friend or a member of the faculty who can give you a helping hand.It is possible to learn about essay writing from books or the internet. While online books are good sources of information, these will not teach you anything about essay writing. You will still need to understand how a real life person works. Assess the skills and knowledge that you need to make a point.A word of caution is needed here because many students fail to complete the university's entrance examination when they have been given the opportunity to write a unique essay on the topic. This is because of their lack of understanding. Once they have understood the topic well, they are able to write a great essay.With the necessary knowledge of essay writing, one can learn to write the essay with skill. With an immense knowledge of the topic, they can also prepare the essay well and present a convincing argument. The important thing is that they need to put their best foot forward so that they do not make any mistakes and get the best marks.

Children from Divorced Families Essay - 960 Words

Divorce rates in America are around 50 percent. More than half of these divorces involve children under 18. Therefore about 40 percent of children in the world will be affected by divorce. About one in three children will live in a household that involves a step parent. (SandfordM. Portnoy) Though its controversial, children that are affected by divorce will develop some kind of psycological condition. Academic,behavior and even health all play a factor in divorce. It is also controversial on how long these conditions will last in children. A study was done on children who still have an intact family compared to the children who have divorced parents. Hetherington said that 2 years after the divorce the children affected†¦show more content†¦They can become even more depressed due to these loses. They are less likely to go to college because the mother can not afford to send them or the child does not care to do well in their academics. Children are 2 to 3 times more likely to drop out of school. This could also effect them into adulthood because they have a low level of education therefore they can not get a good job. Children from divorced families are 2 to 3 times likely to get int trouble than those of children whjose parents are still married. They become abandoned from society and do not like to listen to authority. They tend to become involved with drugs and alcohol and that persists through adulthood. Usually the males are more than likely to have these behavior problems. Females from divorced families are more likely to have sexual intercourse younger than those of intact families.This seems to occur because the children tend to pull away from their parents at an early age. And the children are not thought self control. They are more likely to be persuaded into having sexual intercourse. According to Hetherington and Kelly’s research children are closer to their mothers than they are their fathers. Fathers seem t o disappear more after a divorce and ignor their children. AS these children grow intoShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Divorce On Children From Divorced Parents And Intact Families Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pageshigh divorce rate affecting the children from these divorced families, and if so how is it affecting the children? Or what if a married couple who is unhappy decides to stay together for the children? How does an intact but unhappy family affect the children? So to answer your questions Dr. Phil, I have put together a report from many different books, articles and studies on the effects on a child from a divorced family compared to an intact but an unhappy family. Then I will conclude with what IRead MoreHow Divorce Has Changed Changing Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagescausation, and effect. One topic that has benefited from the use of statistics to measure its effects is divorce. Divorce is defined as the legal process of dissolving a marriage, thus separating two individua ls (Merriam). From generation to generation, divorce has been on a steady increase. The annual rate of divorce more than doubled between the mid-1960s and the early 1980s (Croteau). As of recent, statistics show an increase in divorce rates from less than 20% to nearly 50% since 1960 (Croteau)Read MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Children1548 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Divorce on Children Mikele J. King Medaille College Abstract The current divorce rate suggests that one out of every two marriages will end in divorce. This paper is a critical literature review that explores the hypothesis that divorce has detrimental effects on children. Six different risks have been suggested to cause the differences in an increased need for help between divorced family children and two-parent family children: parental loss, economic loss, more lifeRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And Teens1402 Words   |  6 PagesDivorce is one of the most common happenings in the world experienced by children. Most children go through different adjustments to become comfortable with the fact that their parents are not together anymore. Children of divorced parents are prone to lifelong effects. Seventy-five to eighty percent of children have divorced parents and twenty-five percent of those children have serious social, emotional, or psychological problems for the rest of their life. Most adults think that it is best forRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Programs960 Words   |  4 Pagesvery different from the television programs that were shown over fifty years ago. The shows in the past portrayed a modest conservative family. These families consist of a hardworking man and a stay at home woman, married raising their own biological children. As the years went by, television has started to portray a more liberal definition of what a family means in today’s world. Because of today’s TV shows, there are different ideas about what a family should look like. Families on TV are not alwaysRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children And The Association With Children s Self Esteem By Kim Bastaits1466 Words   |  6 Pagesdivorce. My parents got divorced when I was around five years old. I’m always very interested in the affects divorce has on children, since I am one. Our society has changed to mostly accept divorce. I think divorce is related to the course material because it’s happening a lot in our society; sociology is the study of social behavior, organization, and development. I’m interested in how divorced fathers affect their children’s future. In the research paper, Parenting of Divorced Fathers and the AssociationRead MoreDivorce is not an exception anymore. In fact, with the rate of marriage decreasing over the past1200 Words   |  5 Pagesremaining steady, we are likely to know more people who are divorced than those who are legally bound. During this semester we read four novels. Divorce was a common theme in all of them. Only a few generations ago, American culture rejected divorce as scandalous. Today, law, behavior, and culture embrace and even celebrate it. It got me to wondering about the children of divorced parents. It got me to wondering, what about the children? Being concerned about them, I decided to research the DisruptionRead MoreThe Correlation Of Children With Divorced Parents1629 Words   |  7 Pagescorrelation of children with divorced parents and their ability or inability to have intimate relationships in their futures. In most cases, it depends on the age of the child at the time of the divorce. Studies showed that marital problems, including but not limited to divorce, was associated with negative social, emotional, and physical affects in the children’s lives. Most articles included have different types of specific details, but all generally have the same outcome, being that children with divorcedRead MoreDivorce Where Children Are Involved Essay1561 Words   |  7 Pagessociety and affects many people every year. In some instances of divorce, families have been torn apart leaving children stuck in the middl e of conflict. This is where children start lashing out at their parents and everyone around them and it is because they are hurt and out of their comfort zone. One cannot forget about the children that divorce affects in a negative way. However, this is not always the case. There are children of divorce that get through it relatively calmly. However, one mustRead MoreModern Television And Modern Family858 Words   |  4 Pagesraising a family, values have been put into action. Throughout the centuries of family-making, more and more values have been added, some have been changed, and have even dissipated. Even though there are families that keep the same traditional values, television shows such as Modern Family and The New Normal show how modern television altered those family values which include traditional marriage, family makeup, and sexuality. Modern television is one of many examples of how family values of

Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral - 2364 Words

Pastor Bonhoeffer once said, â€Å"Judging others makes us blind, whereas love is illuminating. By judging other’s, we blind ourselves to our own evil and to the grace which others are just as entitled to as we are.† The way we treat people reflects on ourselves. The way the world judges and condemns each other is very true and an everyday reality for most. The same could be said about people who are limited by one or more of their six senses and are judged by the majority of the population who are not limited and make preconceived notions about these limitations which can bind them. Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† explores many literary devices that reveal the pre conceived perception towards people with physical limitations without understanding the individual first, which is still a problem today. The protagonist, the narrator is closed minded and lacks communication with his wife, which clearly exhibits the distance and troubles in their relationship. The narrator is not happy with having the blind man, Robert, who he sees as a stranger over in his home which stirs up more trouble with his wife. ‘â€Å"You don’t have any friends, she said. Period, she said, â€Å"goddamn it, his wife’s just died! Don’t you understand that? The man’s lost his wife†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Carver 107). The wife is obviously mad with her husband who doesn’t understand the close relationship she has with Robert, which is a mutual understanding. Throughout their limited conversation the narrator asks about Roberts wife who has justShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1696 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom, or trying to bury alive. Cathedral, written by Raymond Carver, takes place in the early 1980’s. Originally published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1981. Carver slightly revised the story and re-released it in 1983. At a time when the blue collar working class lived paycheck to paycheck, working hard for newfound luxuries such as color television, this short story is humorous and eye-opening for the reader. For adults ranging from thirty to forty years old, the 1980’s were possibly a ghostly, hauntingRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1426 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis in Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†: The Narrator Literature has the potential to act as a mirror by presenting people’s lived experiences, expectations, and perceptions through characters. Such is what can be deciphered through the analysis of different characters in Raymond Carver’s story â€Å"Cathedral.† This paper focuses on the narrator of the story portrayed by the author as blind, which is used metaphorically not to imply physical blindness, but the inability to have reasonedRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1006 Words   |  5 Pages Gabrielle Sobolewski English 200 Professor Ruth Jennison 11/12/15 The short story â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver is told from the perspective of a first-person narrator. Throughout the story, the narrator is self-absorbed in his own thoughts and emotions and fails in his willingness to overlook personal insecurities in order to accommodate others’ discomfort, i.e. predominantly his wife and the blind man. In general, the story lacks figurative language and is told in short, directRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 970 Words   |  4 PagesIn Raymond Carver’s short story, â€Å"Cathedral†, we meet the character who is never named, and who is known as the narrator to us. Although the narrator’s character changed towards the end, and we don’t really learn much after the change of his personality, it is still a gradual change that took place. The narrator’s attitude is very important in the story because it revolves around him and the way he views things. This short story is about a m an who is married to a woman, and this woman has been friendsRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1097 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 2015 Cathedral by Raymond Carver In this short story by Raymond Carver begins with a man whose wife invited a good friend over named Robert and is blind. Before Roberts Arrival, the wife’s husband, whose name is Bub, does not know what to make out of his wife’s good friend Robert coming over to their house. Carver utilizes a story of a blind man who changes Bub’s outlook in life. Through the narrators changing character, theme of loneliness and jealousy, and the cathedral being a symbolRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 943 Words   |  4 PagesIn Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†, the short story is told by a character within the story. The first-person point of view gives us a transparent visual of an important time in the narrators’ life. The narrator, who is â€Å"un-named† in the beginning of the story, uses blunt, flawless and a particular choice of words. This gives us as the reader a deeper connection with the narrator. The narrator begins this story by taking us through the changes he go through with the uneasy feeling of having a blind-manRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s The Cathedral 863 Words   |  4 Pages One of the Raymond Carver story where we can find a lot of religion symbols; it is â€Å"Cathedral.† The story develops an ironic situation in which a blind man teaches a sighted man to truly â€Å"see† for the first time. Near the end of the story, Carver has these two characters work together on a drawing of a cathedral, which serves as the symbolic heart of the story. The cathedral represents true sight, the ability to see beyond the surface to the true meaning that lies within. The narrator’s drawingRead MoreAn Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1794 Words   |  8 Pages A Cynics Enlightenment Raymond Carver’s short-story Cathedral is outwardly about a pessimistic man, whose wife’s blind visitor named Robert changes the narrators predisposing perception of the world and awakes a new view on life in the process. But inwardly, the story is about the desperate need for connection between these three characters, which isn’t feasible do to the emotional-detachment by the narrator. In the beginning, the narrator is hindered by his prejudices which doesn t allow himRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1524 Words   |  7 PagesAs if someone has unlocked his prison cell to liberate him of his stereotypical point of view. The protagonist of Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† was an individual whose stagnant mind has blind him from truly seeing the aspects and characteristics of people around him. Before meeting his wife’s blind friend whose name is Robert, the protagonist perceives reality with a stereotypical mind-set shaped by m isleading information from movies. Hence, he make judgement about other people without ever settingRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1340 Words   |  6 PagesRaymond Carver’s characters were considered to be very much like him: â€Å"’on the edge: of poverty, alcoholic self-destruction, loneliness† (Mays 32). His short story â€Å"Cathedral† is about a young couple, who have a visitor coming to stay with them. This visitor, Robert, is the wife’s friend, and he is blind. The narrator, the husband, has never met someone who is blind, was bothered by that. To him, being blind meant constantly needing help from others. His depiction of blindness was what he has seen

Taking a Look at Standardized Testing - 1518 Words

Standardized Testing Currently Standardized Testing is one of the many issues currently plaguing the education community. Testing is a very touchy and controversial topic in the politics of education, particularly in the United States. There are many varying opinions debating on the successes and failures in the process of testing today. The controversies over standardized testing in the United State, and specifically New Jersey, stem from the testing process and the creation of these tests. Some claim that standardized tests are culturally biased, which is a disadvantage to minority students. These tests also are very costly, and affect the education budget. The tests also pose a large time commitment, with preparation for the tests, as well as the time allotted to take the tests themselves. Preparations for the tests can also have issues, with some educators teaching toward the test, to ensure a higher success rate for the students. The grading and processing of these tests also comes into question, because t he tests might not be an accurate measure of student achievement. Standardized testing is a very controversial topic because of the extremely high stakes. The successes or failures of students on these tests affect the students and the schools. With the new obsession with high performance rates, standardized testing has become more high stakes. There are many companies with stakes in the standardized testing business. One notable company is NCS Pearson. NCSShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Standardized Testing1478 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized testing is a test that involves all students in the same age group or grade level to take the same test with the same question. One of the purposes of standardized testing is that it uses a numerical component in test scoring reinsure that all students can be measure on the same scale. Grade point average is the only other way you can compare students but grade point average is not reliable because students have different teachers for different subjects for different years. StandardizedRead MoreTaking a Look at Standardized Testing598 Words   |  2 PagesStandardized testing is a global educational practice in determining the academic level of students and in turn, the aptness of teachers. W. James Popham (2005), former president of the American Educational Research Association , defines standardized test as any test thats administered, scored, and interpreted in a standard, predetermined manner. In the United States, standardized testing became more prominent in 2002 due to the adoption of the No Child Left Behind Act. All public schools wereRead MoreEmphasis on Standardized Testing Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pageseducational career, students are required to take standardized tests to show their progress and if they meet certain requirements they could qualify them for higher educational opportunities. Some common standardized test include: Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), American College Testing (ACT), Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), Missouri Assessment Program (MAP), and Virginia Standards of Learning (SOL). Standardized tests are designed so that each person taking the test has the same chance to do wellRead MoreStandardized Testing is not a Gauge of a Student ´s Knowledge Essay904 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Literature Testing the nation(must change) â€Å"Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.† Standardized testing has had a negative impact on the US educational system. Standardized testing alone is not an accurate gauge of a students overall knowledge. We start indoctrinating our children in the first grade with standardized testing to prepare them for the next 11 years of testing. These tests putRead MoreStandardized Testing Was Originallycreated In China And972 Words   |  4 Pages Standardized testing was originally created in China and from there it grew, in 1905 Alfred Binet had developed the IQ test and by the time World War One standardized testing was standard practice (Fletcher). The SAT and ACT are the most common standardized test today, while a lot of college bound students take the ACT and SATs to show how smart they are and how well they will do in college theses test are not the best way to determine a student s potential, â€Å"these test have also been shown thatRead MoreStandardized Testing Is The Best Way For Measure Students Intelligence Levels1155 Words   |  5 PagesBelieving that It is Stupid’†(Baskerville). This is a quote that is theorized to have been said by Albert Einstein and can easily be applied to standardized testing in our schooling system. Although some think that standardized testing is the best way to measure students intelligence levels, research suggests that it is ineffective due to factors such as not test ing over all subjects, changing how schools teach, discrimination, and the mindset that it creates, therefore colleges should not use them inRead MoreStandardized Testing Is Taking Up So Much Time1568 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å" I want my kids classrooms back† says many parents (Deutermann). School standardized testing is taking up so much time it is taking time away from students learning time in the classroom. Taking the many portions of standardized test is not benefiting the students. The point of standardized tests in schools to get measure of a student’s knowledge. Education plays a big role in the assessments. Education is the process of gaining knowledge, or different skills and attitudes. The tests are alsoRead MorePros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1201 Words   |  5 Pages Standardized testing is all based on your performance as a student on a specific day, time and place. What it doesn’t show is how you perform on a day to day basis. These types of test can be given in any type of form that requires test takers to answer the same questions, and is then scored in a â€Å"standard† or consistent manner. Students should not have to take standardized test be cause of many reasons. As a human I have days where I’m tired and didn’t get enough sleep the night before or it isRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesStandardized testing is a down fall to many students but also an opportunity for many others. Standardized testing has its pros and its cons. It can be the make it or break it factor into getting into colleges you are hoping to attend or the scholarships you want to earn. Some people may have their opinions about the test, whether they hate it or not but the fact is that it’s here to stay. What exactly is standardized testing you may ask, it is a test which measures the knowledge among differentRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing800 Words   |  4 PagesStandardized tests are not for everyone. Some students are naturally good at taking tests, while others struggle. These tests start as early as the third grade. Students should not have to worry about their future being determined by a test. Standardized testing also causes many problems to some students, such as lowering their confidence level. Schools and teachers have started protests, refusing to participate in in-school testing. †Anti-testing protest is extending beyond Seattle. Across the

Elsevier Health Sciences-Enhancement In Demand To Educate Nurses

Question: Discuss about the Article for Elsevier Health Sciences? Answer: Globally, there is an enhancement in demand to educate nurses in the clinical practice environment. Settings that empower and encourage learning and teaching are powerful in educating the nurses in a positive way (Oermann Gaberson, 2013). The present writing addresses the significance of providing a positive learning environment. The key focus areas are analysis of faculty behaviours that provide a negative learning environment, how would I foster a positive and rigorous learning experience for students as a nurse educator, a strategy that faculty can take up for promoting student participation in own learning, the way a facultys competence and confidence influence a students learning experience, importance of fostering a positive learning experience for students and nurses and role-modelling techniques and methods available to foster and support a positive learning experience for students and nurses. Undesirable behaviour by the faculty disrupts and negatively effects the overall learning environment for students and contributes to the students discontent and stress. These include negative feedback in a repetitive manner, biases regarding gender, race and ethnicity, lack of patience and empathy and positive approach towards solving problems of students. Some faculty members may be having a tendency to show inappropriate behaviour by showing unnecessary anger, disgust in slightest pretext. This has a negative impact on the students as they do not get the opportunity to get the best teaching (Blegen et al., 2013). As a nurse educator, I can foster a positive yet rigorous learning experience for the students by developing and communicating classroom management plans and motivation plans, developing instructional plans for facilitating bell-to-bell teaching, creating classroom organisation and arrangement, establish high expectations. Other means taken up by me would be communication expectations to students and parents, keeping students on target, encouraging relevant and frequent feedback, establishing grading practices communicating high expectations and decreasing frustrations. Severe behaviour has to be dealt with in an appropriate manner. According to Billings Halstead (2013) motivation, parent engagement, teacher efficacy, instructional planning, and consistency of high expectations are irreversibly tangled. An environment that fosters decency, respect and success for all student is what must be implemented. One strategy for promoting student participation in their learning is to implement instructional activities for actively engaging students. The best tool would be personal involvement. There are several ways of implementing instructional activities. These include planning writings on daily basis, reading with and to the students, using varied sources of information. The best approach would be to use project-based learning that needs students to develop time management, group process, planning skills and communication skills together with content mastery. This method would promote student participation in own learning. Encouragement is to be given students for taking up interesting course works like projects that include practical experiences. The competency and confidence of faculties have a major role in influencing the students learning experience. As stated by Iwasiw et al., (2014) the ability of the faculties to be friendly, open, willing to adjust and confidence improves students own motivation for learning as well as their self-confidence. Professional competence and pedagogical skills are a decisive prerequisite as students have positive experiences regarding safety, supervision and mentoring. The facultys lack of interest for updating own knowledge is a negative influence on the learning process of the students. Mentoring and coaching by faculties, if not up to the mark, have low-grade outcomes in education. The importance of fostering a positive learning experience for nurses and students re immense and multi-fold. Having an appropriate learning arena is vital for students since a significant part of the studies they take are applied in the health care services they provide. This directly has the impact on patient care and health outcomes. Thus, a good quality learning experience is the key to students perceiving the quality of care they are to provide. Lack of knowledge, motivation, confidence, self-esteem and competency as a result of a negative learning experience is the loss of health care settings. The future of nurses depends on the supervisors assessment and judgment received form the learning experience (Bradshaw Lowenstein, 2013). For supporting a positive learning experience, the main means is to foster a relationship conducive to learning. Efforts and supports from the educators end are required. The settings must be welcoming to the students. Huston (2013) opines that there must be an underlying essence of positivity and enthusiasm. Constructive feedback is a good tool for encouraging students. Another method is to have a clear and effective relationship with the students. The above discussion highlights the main aspects of learning and teaching in nursing. It is a rich source of information on how nurses are supposed to be taking up their education and how faculties must approach the students for making a better nursing workforce in the future. References Billings, D. M., Halstead, J. A. (2013).Teaching in nursing: A guide for faculty. Elsevier Health Sciences. URL:https://books.google.co.in/books?id=YxzmCgAAQBAJpg=PA87dq=Billings,+D.+M.,+%26+Halstead,+J.+A.+(2013).+Teaching+in+nursing:+A+guide+for+faculty.+Elsevier+Health+Sciences.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Billings%2C%20D.%20M.%2C%20%26%20Halstead%2C%20J.%20A.%20(2013).%20Teaching%20in%20nursing%3A%20A%20guide%20for%20faculty.%20Elsevier%20Health%20Sciences.f=false Blegen, M. A., Goode, C. J., Park, S. H., Vaughn, T., Spetz, J. (2013). Baccalaureate education in nursing and patient outcomes.Journal of Nursing Administration,43(2), 89-94. Doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e31827f2028 Bradshaw, M., Lowenstein, A. (2013).Innovative teaching strategies in nursing and related health professions. Jones Bartlett Publishers. URL:https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9V-wAAAAQBAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=Bradshaw,+M.,+%26+Lowenstein,+A.+(2013).+Innovative+teaching+strategies+in+nursing+and+related+health+professions.+Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishershl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Huston, C. J. (2013).Professional issues in nursing: Challenges and opportunities. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. URL:https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TBXlEgpF6_QCprintsec=frontcoverdq=Huston,+C.+J.+(2013).+Professional+issues+in+nursing:+Challenges+and+opportunities.+Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkinshl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Iwasiw, C. L., Goldenberg, D., Andrusyszyn, M. A. (2014).Curriculum development in nursing education. Jones Bartlett Publishers. URL:https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KFcMBAAAQBAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=Iwasiw,+C.+L.,+Goldenberg,+D.,+%26+Andrusyszyn,+M.+A.+(2014).+Curriculum+development+in+nursing+education.+Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers.hl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Oermann, M. H., Gaberson, K. B. (2013).Evaluation and testing in nursing education. Springer Publishing Company. URL:https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_eXZRp4hITMCpg=PA181dq=Oermann,+M.+H.,+%26+Gaberson,+K.+B.+(2013).+Evaluation+and+testing+in+nursing+education.+Springer+Publishing+Companyhl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Oermann%2C%20M.%20H.%2C%20%26%20Gaberson%2C%20K.%20B.%20(2013).%20Evaluation%20and%20testing%20in%20nursing%20education.%20Springer%20Publishing%20Companyf=false

Moby Dick 2 Essays - Moby-Dick, Ishmael, Captain Ahab, Moby Dick

Moby Dick 2 Moby Dick The moral ambiguity of the universe is prevalent throughout Melville's Moby Dick. None of the characters represent pure evil or pure goodness. Even Melville's description of Ahab, whom he repeatedly refers to "monomaniacal," suggesting an amorality or psychosis, is given a chance to be seen as a frail, sympathetic character. When Ahab's "monomaniac" fate is juxtaposed with that of Ishmael, that moral ambiguity deepens, leaving the reader with an ultimate unclarity of principle. The final moments of Moby Dick bring the novel to a terse, abrupt climax. The mutual destruction of the Pequod and the White Whale, followed by Ishmael's epilogue occupies approximately half a dozen pages. Despite Melville's previous tendency to methodically detail every aspect of whaling life, he assumes a concise, almost journalistic approach in the climax. Note that in these few pages, he makes little attempt to assign value judgements to the events taking place. Stylistically, his narration is reduced to brusque, factual phrases using a greater number of semicolons. By ending the book so curtly, Melville makes a virtually negligible attempt at denouement, leaving what value judgements exist to the reader. Ultimately, it is the dichotomy between the respective fortunes of Ishmael and Ahab that the reader is left with. Herein lies a greater moral ambiguity than is previously suggested. Although Ishmael is the sole survivor of the Pequod, it is notable that in his own way, Ahab fulfills his desire for revenge by ensuring the destruction of the White Whale alongside his own end. Despite the seeming superiority of Ishmael's destiny, Melville does not explicitly indicate so. On the contrary, he subtly suggests that Ishmael's survival is lonely and empty upon being rescued: "It was the devious-cruising Rachel, that in her retracing search after her missing children, only found another orphan." (724) That single instance of the appellation "orphan" as applied to Ishmael speaks volumes when taken in light of the destruction of the Pequod and her crew. Melville's inclusion of Ishmael's survival as an epilogue, a suffix attached to the dramatic destruction of the Pequod, suggests that Ishmael's survival is an afterthought to the fate of Ahab and the rest of his crew. Ishmael's quiet words at the beginning of the chapter, "Why then here does any one step forth? ?Because one did survive the wreck," (723) indicate a deep humility on Ishmael's part. The question is then raised of why Ishmael is the sole survivor. It is clear that Ishmael significantly differs with Ahab concerning their respective perspectives of the White Whale. Ishmael clearly indicates in the chapter "The Try Works" how disagreeable he finds the mission and mentality of those around him: "?the rushing Pequod, freighted with savages, and laden with fire, and burning a corpse, and plunging into that blackness of darkness, seemed the material counterpart of her monomaniac commander's soul." (540) Here, Ishmael breaks his usual detached observancy and boldly divorces himself from Ahab's mission and those whom Ahab has recruited to aid him . Ishmael further distinguishes himself from the rest of the crew by being the sole non-exploiter of whales in general. Melville makes it clear early on that Ishmael initially chooses to ship on the Pequod for the experiential value of whaling. It has been indicated that his outlook on the whale is the only significantly benign one. Whereas Ishmael is terrified by the "whiteness of the whale," Stubb sees economic gain in the valuable whale oil, subtly hinted at by his overbearing gloating upon his first kill. In the harpooneers, we see a violent savageness, even in Queequeg's otherwise loving nature. To Ahab, the whale is a emblem of pure evil. Even prudent, rational Starbuck looks on the whale as a dumb animal, which it is his duty to exploit. The terror that Ishmael perceives is a consequence of his own vague fear of the whale's "nothingness." What Ishmael fears is the mystical, terrifying manifestation of white in the natural world, coupled with its subversion of the sense of purity attached to whiteness in the human world. Ishmael is distinguished from the rest of the crew in his ability to consider the perspectives of the others. In his role as narrator, Ishmael's ability

The New England and Chesapeake Bay Colonies essays

The New England and Chesapeake Bay Colonies essays Both of colonies of New England and Chesapeake Bay are originated from the British Empire, but religious and economical opportunities set them into different courses. Two separate kinds of groups of people went to the colonies of New England and Chesapeake Bay; the religious Puritans occupied New England, while the economical planters settled down in Chesapeake Bay. The location and landform of the two colonies also attributed to the differences between these two colonies. New England and Chesapeake Bay colonies people were different because the Pilgrims, separatist Puritans from the Church of England, established their own government after the founding of their own land, while the Chesapeake Bay colonies to seek economical fortunes. The emigrants that went to New England were mainly big families who went to settle there for the rest of their lives, while the Chesapeake Bay emigrants were majority male, which meant they went to seek economical gain. The Chesapeake Bay Company tried to find gold like the Spanish conquistadors. John Winthrop, leader of the Pilgrims, wanted the New England colony to become the model for the rest of the world, to work together and create an utopian society So shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace...we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. (John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity Document A). The government for the colonists in New England was theocracy, which is controlled by the c hurch. Just about everyone had land of his or her own to keep. The people that went to Chesapeake Bay colony searched for gold and were not organized while the New England colony was established right away. The people in Chesapeake Bay colony started fighting after days of getting there because they couldnt find any amount of gold. The disease and laziness of the Chesapeake Bay colony also contributed to their death rate. After figuring out that the Virginian ...

The Concept of Branding in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Concept of Branding in Marketing - Essay Example The activities they perform in the process of making themselves and their products known are referred to as branding (Hawkins & Coney 2004, 21). Overall, branding is defined as the processes and activities done by a business in the development of a unique image or name for their products and services. Branding is an important process that ensures company products and services stick in the minds of consumers to influence their purchase decisions and preference for company goods and services in place of those of their rivals (Belk 2010, 67). The process of branding in businesses focuses on the establishment of an imperative and differentiated physical and mental presence in the particular market in order to attract and sustain the loyalty of their customers (Hartmann & Apaolaza, 2007, 65).It is important to note that in as much as marketers in business organizations do their best in the production of brands with positive image for their institutions, they often do not decide on the ult imate meaning to the branding itself. In this case, it is imperative to note that the process of branding is not about getting your preferred and target audience to choose your products over those of your rivals; instead, it is about making them see what you can provide as a solution to their various needs. A good branding process in business and its products has to fulfill a number of key goals and objectives.  

Luca Pacioli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Luca Pacioli - Essay Example I find his Christianity perception of things as a major input as he is seen to believe in number mysticism that claims God owns all numbers. It also means that since God created all figure, they are then his direct words. Summa, one of the works he wrote, brings out the full understanding of double entry book keeping and as well explains how accounting is a part of good accounting business practice. His work has contributed greatly into the contemporary world of accounting as most of the work, especially the bookkeeping, is still used. In addition, some major terms used then such as debit and credit have not had any modification in the more than 500 years since their invention. In addition, his conceptual framework that comprised of the journal, the memorandum, and the ledger is still essential in the modern accounting field. Most modern accounting field concepts rely on his works such as summa, which contains true and fair view, stability, trustworthiness, significance, materiality, understandability, full disclosure, and materiality in accounting practices. His trend in displaying accounting figures by use of charts and graphs enables modern world to have ideas on how to communicate figure in a more understandable way. In conclusion, I would say that Pacioli, just as his â€Å"father of all accounting† depict, is indeed a great figure in the accounting world. If it were not for his understanding and his contribution, even if he did not invent the book keeping method, one cannot imagine how it would have turned out. Also, his books have helped deliver information from centuries ago to the modern word, which has played a significant role and will continue to play long from

A modern audience Essay Example for Free

A modern audience Essay But her marriage to will is all a practical arrangement as she is good at her job and Will is a skilled craftsman. As this partnership moves on the pair become more successful, they manage to pay back Mrs Hepworth the loan she gave then to get started and we see a more romantic side to Maggie as she saves a flower from her wedding day bouquet.  I thought Id press it in my bible  For keep sake A factor about Maggie that would appeal to a modern audience is that she is very intelligent. She controls the accounts and organises everything at Hobsons. She taught Will to read and write, because Will was born into the lower class she was not properly educate and so he was illiterate but Maggie changed that by educating him herself:  Ill just set you a short copy, for tonight.  Maggie is honest and fair, when Albert and Freddy are trying to get more money than they agreed out of Mr Hobson, she knows he cannot afford what they are asking and so she gets them down to a more realistic price:  I know perfectly well what father can afford to pay, and it is not a thousand pounds nor anything like a thousand pounds. Maggie is also humble because she is not afraid to ask for help when she needs it. She asks Mrs Hepworth for money as her and will havent got any from their previous jobs because Hobson didnt pay Maggie and Will came from a lower class and had little pay, all to get married and start up a good business  Weve paid back Mrs Hepworth what she lent us for our start and made a bit o brass on top o that.  At the beginning of the play Will lacked self-confidence and he was poor. He was also a victim of Hobsons exploitation:  What does she want to praise workmen to his face for? But Will is a talented craftsman and a skilled worker which is why Mrs Hepworth complimented him and asked that he makes her shoes in the future:  These are the best-made pair of boots Ive ever had. Now, youll make my boots in future.  This is a great compliment for a working class man because they were not often praised for their work and didnt often do so well. This is a point about Will that would appeal to a modern audience.  Will, like many other working class in the 1880s could not read at the start of the play but due to Maggies help he learns how to read and write. By starting up his own business shows he is a good business man and he pays off Mrs Hepworth the money back she lent the couple to get the business started. Weve paid off Mrs Hepworth what she lent us for our start.  Will is from a working class background; he is one of Hobsons boot hands and suffers social prejudice from Maggies sisters Alice and Vicky but now is near equal class to them but they still see him form a lower class and treat him with a lack of respect  Will Mossop do you know who you are talking to?  As the play progresses Wills confidence increase as he now dares to stand up to Hobson, Alice, Vicky and Maggie  Ill take you into partnership and give you a half share. The Audience may find Wills character comical due to his sayings Well by gum  And make the viewers laugh. When Maggie tells Will she wants to marry him he is a bit worried at tries to back down from the proposal because he did not love her, but they get their partnership up and running and as the story continues he realises that he can learn to love and give Maggie the respect she needs to create a successful business. From the start to the end of the play Will Mossop changes a lot. He went from working in Hobsons cellar to owning his own successful business and being married to Maggie. His main change was that he went from poverty to being a member of the working/middle class. By doing this he has made his way up the social ladder, which was very hard to do in the 19th century. Wills struggle could be compared to a dream going from rags to riches. In my opinion this would be the most important factor about Will that would appeal to a modern audience.  Maggies determination to make a success of hers and Willies marriage and the business that they start would make her popular with a modern audience because she did not really love Will when they were married, but she had to do something to get away from Mr Hobson, her authoritarian father and she also managed to get her sisters married.

Mathematical Impacts :: essays research papers

Mathematical Impacts The art of mathematics is an intrinsic part of the many physical sciences which humanity strives to learn; it began as a way to explain the celestial guides, which became the science of astronomy and astrophysics. This essay will explain the use of math in astronomy, chemistry, physics, and their relation. The study of astronomy is the oldest of the physical sciences it began as an inspiration. For the purpose of this essay, the study will begin with the ancient’s knowledge of this science. They had many different views on how those nocturnal guides worked. Many of these civilizations studied their arrival and departure along with the weather to understand their own existence. Humboldt (1849) stated, â€Å"Physical laws depend upon mean numerical values; which shows us the constant amid change.† This change was the foundation of time, time that would assist in measuring and explaining how those guides work. Boorstin (1985) explains that, â€Å"The first grand discovery was time, the landscape of experience.† He went further with his explanation of how important it was for humans to measure time, if it had been simple, humans would have, â€Å"lacked the incentive to study the heavens and to become mathematicians.† With the use of this curiosity, humans searc hed and learned how they worked. Math had made it possible to understand this aspect of the cosmos, yet there were some differences on how they really worked. The Greeks were the first to â€Å"propose explanations for the motions of astronomical objects that relied on logic and geometry† Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, and Voit (2004). Math, helped explain, and defy the beliefs held for many years. The Greeks created a geocentric model, which places the earth in the center of the universe. This was attributed, to Thales (c. 624-546 B.C.), which many other Greeks held to be true even after another Greek named Aristarchus (c. 310-230 B.C.) â€Å"Suggested that the Earth goes around the Sun, a view that ultimately prevailed, but until almost 2,000 years later† Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, and Voit (2004). With all of this in mind, the mathematicians who followed these great men of genius will utilize the ideas and mathematical equations in search of the truth. It is important to understand that in order for these new discoveries be found, the evolution of logic, math, and other sciences, which derived from the mathematical ideals of the past. To put it in a better perspective of how these evolutions helped these advancements, it is important to understand that before the discovery of the telescope, calculations and logical premises made the old discoveries.

New York Times Paywall Strategic Considerations Essay

According to Chairman Sulzberger the goal of the paywall was to â€Å"build the Times’s digital subscription base and develop a new robust consumer revenue stream, while maintaining its significant digital advertising business.† Secondary to the constraint of maintaining the ad business was the requirement to maintain social buzz and branding. To begin, the NYT wanted to increase future revenues for the paper and offset the inevitable decline of its print revenue. This, in the short run, was a success. As described in Question #2; this added over $81 million in previously unexploited revenue in just the first year, indicating significant potential for future growth in digital subscription revenue. To maintain the ad business, the paywall could not significantly decrease the digital advertising revenue. For NYT Media Group, and by extension NYT, digital advertising increased by 5.3% in 2011, suggesting that the implementation of the paywall did not reduce digital adverti sing revenue in the short run. However, the NYT quarterly reports (shown in Appendix C) showed the paper’s digital ad revenue decreasing through much of 2012 and early 2013. Additionally, the paywall should not lead to a loss in readers or impressions. According to Exhibit 13 in the case, (and explained further in Question #2), the page visit drop equates to a 21 page per visitor ratio before the paywall to an 18.5 page per visitor ratio after the paywall, roughly a 11% drop in impressions. If the NYT has a pay-per-impression contract with its advertisers, this can mean up to a 11% drop in ad revenue in the long run, calling into question the overall success of the paywall. Finally, the NYT wanted to maintain the social buzz and branding for the paper. They did this by allowing unlimited access to articles if visitors came to the website via search engines or social media. This allowed people to read and be aware trending articles coming from the paper and keep their brand visible.. Overall, the paywall was working at the time of the case. It successfully registered significant numbers of readers willing to pay for the service. The paywall policy added a consistent revenue stream while maintaining leisure readers and promoting its online social presence. Whether the paywall will work in the long run will be determined by the revenue from subscriptions outpacing the loss of advertising revenue. 2. Is the New York Times paywall well-designed? Is it  priced right? Financially, paywall design is a basic supply vs. demand problem where the NYT optimizes revenues from online subscriptions against the advertising dollars lost. In the months before the paywall was instituted, the NYT site had approximately 715 million page views per month (adjusted to 30 day month). As soon as the paywall took effect, page views dropped to approximately 635 million as readers moved to other sites (Appendix A). This equates to an 11% drop in ad impressions within an industry seeing growing viewership. Therefore, we assume that online ad revenues decreased by approximately 11% after the paywall went into effect (decrease in online ad revenues of $23.68M off a base of $211.68M in 2011). Conversely, the 390,000 online subscriptions brought in $81M (at $4 per subscription), more than enough to make up for the loss in ad revenues. From this perspective, the paywall was a striking success. In addition, our team performed a conjoint analysis to help determine how customers value the various features and workarounds for the subscription paywall, and to evaluate whether the NYT could further optimize its pricing structure (Appendix B). In this analysis, we examined weekly subscription price ($8.75 vs. $3.75), paywall design (initial free article limit of 0 or 20), subscription leakiness (ability to access articles around paywall via social networks, etc.), and platform availability (subscription for all devices at once or tiered fee per device). This analysis confirmed our intuition that consumers are most sensitive to the price of the subscription. We also found that consumers are unlikely to value a subscription if they can get 20 free articles upfront. This is a much bigger determinant of whether and how much a customer will pay for a subscription than the possibility of getting free articles through their soci al network or other referral means. Based on this, the NYT would be able to charge an additional $2.37 if they were to stop offering 20 free articles per month and an additional $1.01 per subscription if they stopped allowing leaks to their paywall. However, making these changes would reduce page views and would have to be balanced against losses in ad revenues. Another way the NYT could raise revenues is to reduce the cost of an all device subscription. Based on the average subscription cost of $4.00, very few customers are opting for the all-platform subscription. However, our  analysis shows that customers are willing to pay $5.46 ($3.75 base subscription plus $1.71 in additional value) for a subscription open to all platforms. Making this change could add $29.6M in revenue if all customers took this deal while increasing subscriber page views due to increased access. 3. What is the long-term goal of the New York Times in creating the paywall? To understand the future of the NYT paywall, we looked at the newspaper’s recent trends in advertising and circulation revenues. In 2011, NYT Media Group derived 45% of its revenues from circulation and 49% from advertising (Exhibit 2). The NYT has seen a steady decline in print and digital advertising and recently reported that the paper â€Å"generated $900 million in ad revenue [in 2012], compared with $2 billion in 2002.† [1] Its print subscriber base is not faring much better. The Sunday Times saw a 10% drop in print subscribers by 0.15M from 2007 to 2011. The weekday NYT print circulation dropped 17.43% and the Saturday Times declined by 10% over the same period. Despite this, print subscribers still account for about 84% of the paper’s circulation revenue. [2] Digital subscriptions have seen strong growth since 2011. According to the Q2 2013 NYT earnings report, â€Å"Paid subscribers to The Times†¦ digital-only subscription packages, e-readers and r eplica editions totaled about 699,000.†[3] This represents a 35% year-over-year increase since 2012 and a 79% increase since Dec 2011. Based on these trends, we can conclude that digital circulation will play an important role in the future of the NYT. The long-term goal of the NYT paywall is to build a permanent digital subscription base. To make digital circulation effective, the NYT needs the paywall. Why would subscribers pay for digital access if they can get it for free? It is interesting to note that in March 2012, the NYT reduced the free access threshold from 20 articles to 10 – and in the following year, it expanded its digital customer base by 35%. Digital circulation cannot single-handedly support The Times going forward. The paper must rely on a mix of revenue streams and the print edition (and the decreased ad revenue it brings in) will continue to be a major source of income. The price of the print edition has skyrocketed in recent years from $0.75 in 2001 to $2.50 in 2013. We wonder if a more secure  paywall might also allow similar future price increases in the digital realm. 4. Will newspapers transition to all digital? How should the New York Times manage a transition to the new world of content provision? Despite the mainstream use of iPads and other electronics for consuming news, the printed newspaper is still in demand. In 2011, NYT newspaper sales made up 45% of the annual revenue. This is attributed to a strong segment of readers who still prefer the hardcopy of the paper. The overall trend still suggests that news is rapidly moving towards the digital form, perhaps eventually transitioning to an all-digital platform. The transition to fully digital will likely not happen within the next five years based on the print subscription trends from 2007 to 2011, but the NYT must be prepared to manage its revenue sources as circulation diminishes. The NYT has three main revenue streams – advertising (both digital and print), subscriptions, and other ventures. Together, advertising and subscriptions made up 94% of the revenue in 2011. In this largely digital age, only 28% of the advertising revenue stems from digital ads. To evaluate the NYT strategy to transition to digital news, we must determine the newspaper’s profitability today and in the future. Our analysis focuses on the NYT Media Group, rather than the whole company which includes other newspapers and ventures. In 2011, the Media Group comprised of 67% of the company’s revenues so we assume the operating costs are proportional. We also assume that operating costs include production costs and SG&A, and ignore depreciation and amortization for this analysis (Appendix F). Based on our scenario planning, which varied the percentage of print and digital subscriptions and ads, we conclude that the NYT is profitable today and will continue to be profitable despite the shift towards the digital platform. While overall revenues from ads and circulation decrease (as the rate of digital subscriptions cannot make up for the loss in print), the operating cost of running production decreases. If the news become completely digital in the future, the NYT must focus on driving online subscriptions and ads. 5. Would a paywall work for all newspapers? For other content providers? If not, what other strategies would work? The paywall may not work for all newspapers. In some cases like the NYT, the paywall model worked, but the same strategies may not apply to other newspapers. The successful was largely due to the NYT strategic positioning and ability to attract a large number of unique visitors (~33 million) and page views ( ~600-700 million) as compared to those of USATODAY.COM, WASHINGTONPOST.COM, WSJ.COM, etc. (~5-15 million, ~80-150 million respectively). Other key reasons for its success included the steady increase in the online newspaper traffic, past experience in digital subscriptions, low marginal cost in adding customers for its digital subscription, and external reasons such as launch of IPad in 2008 which improved the user experience for reading digital content. Other newspaper such as The Washington Post, Scientific American, and the Economist have succeeded with the paywall because of their specialized content. According to US newspaper industry report in 2009, 5000 players in this ind ustry operated for total annual revenues of $35 billion but the top 50 firms accounted for more than 75% of the revenue. For the remaining firms, implementing a paywall could be significantly destructive to their business as customers would go elsewhere. Therefore, a newspaper firm has to be strategic if it wants to introduce paywall in its revenue stream. Not every content provider can have successful paywall. Some strategies that have been defined earlier can work in their favor. Other strategies include the BostonGlobe vs. Boston.com strategy. One has high quality content with great user expereince (paid service of 99 cents for 4 weeks) and the other has free low quality content. Another model is the Metro; free widely distributed newspaper at metro stations. Hulu.com provides free content for a limited time and moves other content to Hulu Plus. Netflix.com allows access to TV shows and movies anytime with flat rate subscription cost. Appendix A – Chart describing data presented in Question 2 Appendix B – Output from Regression Analysis in Excel Appendix C – Selected NYT Financial Information from 2012-2013 The below excerpts came from the NYT Media Group’s investor reports found here: http://investors.nytco.com/investors/financials/quarterly-earnings/default.aspx Q213: Print and digital advertising revenues decreased 6.8 percent and 2.7 percent. Q113: Print and digital advertising revenues decreased 13.3 percent and 4.0 percent. Q412: Print advertising revenues decreased 5.6 percent and digital ad revenues rose 5.1 percent. Q312: Print and digital advertising revenues decreased 10.9 percent and 2.2 percent. Q212: Print and advertising revenues decreased 8.0 percent and by 4.0 percent. Q112: Print and digital advertising revenues decreased 7.2 percent and 10.3 percent. Q411: Print and digital advertising revenues fell by 8 percent and 5 percent. Appendix D – References for Question 3 [1] http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/business/media/a-leaner-times-aims-for-global-growth.html?_r=0 [2] http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/14/business/media/a-leaner-times-aims-for-global-growth.html?_r=0 [3]http://investors.nytco.com/investors/investor-news/investor-news-details/2013/The-New-York-Times-Company-Reports-2013-Second-Quarter-Results/default.aspx Appendix E – Forecast Figures on NYT Profitability based on % Figure 1: Forecast of the NYT Total Revenue, Total Operating Costs, and Operating Profit as digital circulation and advertising increase while paper circulation and advertising decrease. Assumptions are listed in Appendix F. Figure 2: Detailed breakdown of advertising revenue from digital and print as the NYT transitions towards all digital. The year 2030 was chosen to determine the NYT’s strategy to become an all digital news provider. Appendix F – Assumptions made to evaluate NYT profitability for the future 1. Depreciation and amortization were not included in calculating profitability. 2. Advertising revenues continue to decline at the same rate as 2008 – 2011. 3. Print subscriptions continue to decline at the same rate as 2008 – 2011, calculated by summing the Sunday and weekday subscriptions while subtracting out the Saturday subscriptions to make up the overlap. 4. The average cost of the paper subscriptions is $10.50 (unweighted by popularity of subscription type) and the average cost of the paywall is $5.80 (not discounted by sign up offers and one-time discounts). 5. The percentage of revenue from digital ads grows by 5% from 2012 to 2016 as the NYT shifts toward a digital platform. The assumed 5% growth is conservative based upon online readership and unique visitors on the site. 6. The cost of production is directly related to the number of paper subscriptions. The production can be scaled down when demand is reduced. 7. The revenue from circulation declines at 0.7% from 2012 to 2016 because the loss of print subscribers outweighs the increase of digital subscribers.

Assassination of Robert Kennedy

Shortly after midnight on June 5, 1968, presidential candidate, Robert F. Kennedy was shot three times after giving a speech at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California. Robert Kennedy died of his wounds 26 hours later. Robert Kennedys assassination later led to Secret Service protection for all future major presidential candidates. The Assassination On June 4, 1968, popular Democratic Party presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy waited all day for the election results to come in from the Democratic primary in California. At 11:30 p.m., Kennedy, his wife Ethel, and the rest of his entourage left the Royal Suite of the Ambassador Hotel and headed downstairs to the ballroom, where approximately 1,800 supporters waited for him to give his victory speech. After giving his speech and ending with, Now on to Chicago, and lets win there! Kennedy turned and exited the ballroom through a side door that led to a kitchen pantry. Kennedy was using this pantry as a shortcut to reach the Colonial Room, where the press was waiting for him. As Kennedy traveled down this pantry corridor, which was filled with people trying to catch a glimpse of the potential future president, 24-year-old, Palestinian-born Sirhan Sirhan stepped up to Robert Kennedy and opened fire with his .22 pistol. While Sirhan was still firing, bodyguards and others tried to contain the gunman; however, Sirhan managed to fire all eight bullets before being subdued. Six people were hit. Robert Kennedy fell to the floor bleeding. Speechwriter Paul Shrade had been hit in the forehead. Seventeen-year-old Irwin Stroll was hit in the left leg. ABC director William Weisel was hit in the stomach. Reporter Ira Goldsteins hip was shattered. Artist Elizabeth Evans was also grazed on her forehead. However, most of the focus was on Kennedy. As he lay bleeding, Ethel rushed to his side and cradled his head. Busboy Juan Romero brought over some rosary beads and placed them in Kennedys hand. Kennedy, who had been seriously hurt and looked in pain, whispered, Is everybody all right? Dr. Stanley Abo quickly examined Kennedy at the scene and discovered a hole just below his right ear. Robert Kennedy Rushed to the Hospital An ambulance first took Robert Kennedy to the Central Receiving Hospital, which was located just 18 blocks away from the hotel. However, since Kennedy needed brain surgery, he was quickly transferred to Good Samaritan Hospital, arriving around 1 a.m. It was here that doctors discovered two additional bullet wounds, one under his right armpit and another just one-and-a-half inches lower. Kennedy underwent three-hour brain surgery, in which doctors removed bone and metal fragments. Over the next few hours, however, Kennedys condition continued to worsen. At 1:44 a.m. on June 6, 1968, Robert Kennedy died from his wounds at age 42. The nation was severely shocked at the news of yet another assassination of a major public figure. Robert Kennedy was the third major assassination of the decade, following the murders of Roberts brother, John F. Kennedy, five years earlier and of the great civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. just two months earlier. Robert Kennedy was buried near his brother, President John F. Kennedy, in Arlington Cemetery. What Happened to Sirhan Sirhan? Once police arrived at the Ambassador Hotel, Sirhan was escorted to police headquarters and questioned. At the time, his identity was unknown since he was carrying no identifying papers and refused to give his name. It wasnt until Sirhans brothers saw a picture of him on TV that the connection was made. It turned out that Sirhan Bishara Sirhan was born in Jerusalem in 1944 and emigrated to the U.S. with his parents and siblings when he was 12 years old. Sirhan eventually dropped out of community college and worked a number of odd jobs, including as a groom at the Santa Anita Racetrack. Once the police had identified their captive, they searched his house and found handwritten notebooks. Much of what they found written inside was incoherent, but amidst the rambling, they found RFK must die and My determination to eliminate RFK is becoming more [and] more of an unshakable obsession...[He] must be sacrificed for the cause of the poor exploited people. Sirhan was given a trial, in which he was tried for murder (of Kennedy) and assault with a deadly weapon (for the others that were shot). Although he pleaded not guilty, Sirhan Sirhan was found guilty on all counts and sentenced to death on April 23, 1969. Sirhan was never executed, however, because in 1972 California abolished the death penalty and commuted all death sentences to life in prison. Sirhan Sirhan remains imprisoned in Valley State Prison in Coalinga, California. Conspiracy Theories Just as in the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr., many people believe there was also a conspiracy involved in the murder of Robert Kennedy. For Robert Kennedys assassination, there seem to be three main conspiracy theories that are based on inconsistencies found in the evidence against Sirhan Sirhan. Second Shooter—The first conspiracy involves the location of the fatal shot. Los Angeles Coroner Thomas Noguchi conducted the autopsy on Robert Kennedys body and discovered that not only had Kennedy died from the shot that entered just below and behind his right ear but that there were scorch marks around the entry wound.This meant that the shot must have come from behind Kennedy and that the muzzle of the gun must have been within an inch or so of Kennedys head when it was fired. By nearly all accounts, Sirhan had been in front of Kennedy and had never gotten closer than several feet. Could there have been a second shooter?The woman in a Polka-Dot Skirt—The second piece of evidence that easily lends itself to conspiracy theories is the multiple witnesses who saw a young woman wearing a polka-dot skirt running from the hotel with another man, exuberantly exclaiming, We shot Kennedy!Other witnesses say they saw a man who looked like Sirhan talking to a woman in a polka-d ot skirt earlier in the day. The police reports bypassed this evidence, believing that in the chaos that followed the shooting, it was more likely the couple was crying out, They shot Kennedy!Hypno-Programming—The third takes a bit more of a stretch of the imagination but is one advocated by Sirhans lawyers during pleas for parole. This theory claims that Sirhan was hypno-programmed (i.e. hypnotized and then told what to do by others). If so, this would explain why Sirhan asserts that he cant remember any of the events from that night.