Religious and Ethnic Groups Essay Example for Free

Religious and Ethnic Groups EssayThe spectral group is chose was overlords Witnesses. I did some online research and in addition asked my childrens Foster M other(a), Regina Metzger the questions. I wanted to see what the differences of what I found online and what she said the vox populis were. So this is a mixture of what I got from my online sources and what she said. Jehovahs Witnesses differ from other religious groups because they moot that their entire bible is the inspired word of beau ideal, and instead of adhering to a creed base on human tradition, they h emeritus to their bible as the standard for all their beliefs. Based on their bible, they believe that Jesus the Nazarene is son of god, the first of gods creations, that he had a pre-human existence and that his sprightliness was transformed from heaven to the womb of a virgin. They believe that gods kingdom is the hardly take to for mankind. They argon many different republicalities. They guard no preju dices against any race or color. Their worship is with prayer, meetings and telling others about their bible. They believe that their bible is the inspired word of God, and instead of adhering to a creed ground on human tradition, they hold their bible as the standard.The experience of the Jehovahs Witnesses that other religious groups do not share is that they are viewed with moral standards that coincide with their bible. They are law abiding citizens that obedience authority. They show, what they believe is, genuine Christian love to their neighbors. For example, lets say on that point are two girls. One of which is a Jehovah Witness and one that is not. They two were asked to spit on the Ameri bottom Flag. In this situation, the Jehovahs Witness wont and the other would.One might ask why dont you spit on the flag even though you dont solute it? The out execute from the Johanas Witness would be simply, I dont pledge my allegiance to the flag, but I wouldnt disrespect it ei ther. They are neutral. Jehovahs Witnesses change to the American Culture because they feel they are the advocates of their Gods kingdom. They are not of the political, economic, or social system of any nation of the old world. They did feel their modern day start in the coupled States. They do pay taxes, which means they cook regular jobs just bid any other person. Jehovahs Witnesses do not deputise with what others do about sharing in patriotic ceremonies.Like, sharing in the armed forces and joining a political party or even voting. They worship their god only. They believe that if Christians under one nation go to war against another nation they would be fighting against fellow believers. They believe that fighting against the aforesaid(prenominal) community who prayed for help to the same god is wrong. That is why they wont go to war and result serve time in jail or prison to avoid killing their Christian brothers and sisters. however they are not afraid to die for t heir faith. If they are threatened with death or to renounce their faith, they ordain die for what they believe in.I feel that before my children went into foster care I had limited nurture on what Jehovahs Witnesses were all about. I was under the impression that they only went habitation to house on Saturdays knocking on doors. I thought they were annoying. Feeling like e verywhere I went I was approached by one saying that they are the only true word of God, when I thought my god was. I learned quickly that everyone has a different idea of what their God was. Jehovahs witnesses have been known to not celebrate holidays like birthdays, Christmas, or thanksgiving.I would use their theology as a type of threat toward my children saying If you dont knock it off we will amaze Jehovahs Witness and then you wont get presents during birthdays or holidays. Since, my children are in a home with this as the main religion and belief system, I feel like I should apologise to them beca use I must have sounded like a bigot. I think that the dissimilitude and stereotyping that Jehovahs Witnesses experience comes from a lack of understanding by anyone of a different belief.I think that what I have learned about this religious group did help me nderstand it. It helped me to realize that Jehovahs Witnesses, like any other religion, just want to show everyone that what they believe is not bad. They want to show what their religion means. They want the same as others do, the belief that you can be saved by a god. The racial/ heathen group that I chose is the peace-loving Islanders. I chose this group because I dont know nothing about it. I think getting information on this group will be extremely interesting. pacific Islanders are from many different places.American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, unsanded Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Mariana Islands, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, and the Independent State of Western Samoa. (http//www. pica-org. org/websurf/websurf. html). In 2011 thither were approximately 1,371,564 Native Hawaiians/ Pacific Islanders who live deep down the United States.They significantly reside in California, Washington, Utah, Texas, New York, Texas, and Florida. They make up about . % of the U. S. Population (http//minority health. hhs. gov/templates/browse. aspx? lvl=2lvlID=71) On May 29, 2013 President Obama spoke about AAPI (Asian-American and Pacific Islander) Heritage Month. (http//www. whitehouse. gov/administration/eop/aapi/blog) I thought that was very interesting. He talked about his Pacific Islander ethnic background. He said We value these voices because from the very beginning, ours has been a nation of immigrants a nation challenged and shaped and push ever forward by diverse perspectives and tonic thinking.And in order to keep our edge and stay ahead in the global race, we need to bode out a way to fix our broken immigration system-to welcome that infusion of newness, while even so maintaining the enduring strength of our laws. And the service and the leadership of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have proved that point in time and again. Listening to him give a speech about the greatness of Pacific Islanders made me evaluate that ethnic group even more. Pacific Islanders declare over 100 different languages and come from more than 56 ethnic groups. (http//www. cdc. ov/features/aapiheritagemonth/).They are parts of many different religions. Like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Growing up in my church there were many Pacific Islanders members of our church. I can remember many of them having big families with many children. The Pacific Islanders do many things to contribute to American Culture. They contribute by working jobs. 7. 4 million Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are employed in the United States. They make up 5. 3% of the total work force in the United States. around 300,000 workers are Pacific Islanders. (http//www. cepr. net/index. hp/publications/reports/diversity-and-change July 2011, Hye Jin Rho, John Schmitt, Nicole Woo, Lucia Lin and Kent Wong)Like many other cultures, they bring their delicious foods. They have a multitude of food from different countries. They bring that all to the table here in the United States. Although some of them have changed their diets to a more of an American way of eating, some still eat the foods of their lands. Throughout history, there has been many instances of racism and sexism toward Pacific Islanders in the United States Pacific Islanders continue to face oppression, racism, and discrimination in the United States.Since Pacific Islanders have a higher rate of diabetes they were charged higher rates for health insurance. The Affordable Care Act Will be a very good change for Pacific Islanders. They are known to suffer from higher rates of all types of circular diseases like, stroke, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. They also have the highest rates of obesity. The Affordable Care Act will change it so that it will be easier to get health care for them. Some states have had an slope-only type of initiative.They seem to be for people who only speak English. I had no idea they were even allowed by law. It seems as though that people queue up ways to discriminate even with the laws that have been put in place. Just because some people cannot speak any other language, besides English. For them everything needs to be in English and no other language. About a century before, European-Americans did not allow people who didnt speak English to learn English because they were afraid that they would become a minority. They were afraid of being out-smarted by others.They didnt want to have to make out for fear of losing. I dont believe this is fair. That is why I am glad there are some many laws coming into effect as well as more to come to make th is country an even better place. (http//aspe. hhs. gov/health/reports/2012/ACAAsianAmericansPacificIslanders/rb. shtml) Most European Americans have discriminated against Pacific Islanders because they didnt know English. The European Americans were afraid that if the Pacific Islanders learned English they would exceed them in many ways.They would become the minority. Many of the European Americans were believed to be threatened by this. I think I now have a better understanding of what it is like to be a Pacific Islander. The discrimination they have approach has seemed to make them a stronger people. I am happy to have them as part of my country. In conclusion, both Jehovahs Witnesses and The Pacific Islander, people have experienced a discrimination that seems to have happened because of people who do not understand what they go through daily.They both seem to succeed in their lives because of the discrimination they have experienced. The Jehovahs Witnesses hold up to their beli efs like the Pacific Islanders stand strong with their ethnic background. They are different because one is a religion and one is an ethnic group. An ethnic group is a group of people who have the same customs or origin. A religion is a belief in a god or a group of gods. I think that both the Pacific Islanders and the Jehovahs Witnesses get discriminated against because of a lack of understanding.

Comparative Study on Singapore vs Indian Higher Education System Essay Example for Free

Comparative Study on capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore vs Indian Higher fosterage System auditionAbstract In the world of sphericalization almost all(prenominal) awkward in the world wants their commandment carcass to be the best, so their students can obtain the necessary skills and acquaintance taught by the teachs/universities that meets the challenges of the 21st century. The deport article explores how Singapore and Indian mien of high study administration works in which way both the countries differ and how they are leading in the field of high facts of life and it to a fault foreground the different pathway that leads to the students progression from their nursery to docto stride degree. 1. 0 Indian information system The University rearing Report had set goals for development of higher gentility in the country. While articulating these goals Radakrishnan extraneous mission on University Education, 1948-49 put it in following words The most important and urgent reform unavoid adequate in procreation is to transform it, to endeavor to relate it to the life, needs and aspirations of the people and at that placeby make it the brawny instrument of loving, economic and cultural transformation necessary for the realization of the national goals.For this purpose, rearing should be real so as to ontogenesis productivity, incident on social and national integration, accelerate the process of modernization and domesticate social, moral and spiritual values. Indias higher learning system is the third largest in the world, after China and the get together States. The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University yields Commission (India) is a statutory brass instrument established by an Act of Parliament in1956 for the coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of university upbringing.Apart from providing grants to eligible universities and colleges, the Commission to a fault advises the central and State governments on the measures, which are necessary for the development of higher preparation. Central Government is creditworthy for major policy relating to higher education in the country. It provides grants to University Grants Commission (UGC) and establishes central universities in the country. The Central Government is in addition responsible for declaration of Education Institutions as Deemed to be University on the recommendation of the UGC.Accreditation for higher encyclopedism is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission. At the end of the third division of XI Plan (2009-10), the tour of Universities has gone up to 493 (42 Central, 130 Deemed and 316 State Universities and 5 Institution established under Special State Legislature Acts) and the number of Colleges to 31,324, thus registering an enlarge of 36% in the number Universities and 48% in the case of Colleges in comparison to the figures at the end of X Plan (31. 03. 2007). During the academic twelvemonth 2009-10, there had been 146.25 lakhs (provisional) students enciphered in various courses at all levels in universities/colleges and other institutions of higher education as compared to 136. 42 lakhs in the previous year, registering an increase of 7. 2 per cent. Out of 146. 25 lakhs, 60. 80 lakh had been women students, constituting 41. 6 per cent. The comparative trend of total students inventory and enrolment of women students, among states during 2009-10 had been change magnitude.The enrolment of women students, in basis of secure numbers, had been the highest in the state of Uttar Pradesh (8. 4 lakhs), followed by Maharashtra (7. 8 lakhs), Andhra Pradesh (6.1 lakhs), Tamil Nadu (5. 2 lakhs) etc. In terms of dowers, Goa accounted for the highest percentageage of 59%, followed by Kerala (57%), Punjab and Meghalaya (51%) etc. indicating the dominance of girl students over boys in these states and AN Islands (52%), Chandigarh (51%), Puducherry (50%) among the Union Territories. (Annual Report, University Grant Commission (UGC, 20092010)).The enrolment position in the academic year 2009-10 reveals that majority of students in the higher education system had been embarked for a variety of courses at the under-graduate level. The students at this level constitute provisionally 86.55 per cent of the total number of students in colleges and universities put together. The percentage of students enrolled for Masters level courses had been 11. 49 per cent bandage a very small proportion i. e. 0. 89 per cent of the total number of students had been enrolled for research. Similarly, still 1. 15 per cent of the total number of students had been enrolled in diploma/certificate courses. As regards the distribution of students enrolment in the midst of universities and associate colleges, the largest number of students in the higher education system had been enrolled in affiliated colleges.Ab turn up 90. 24 per cent of all the under-graduate students and 70. 83 per cent of all the post-graduate students had been enrolled in the affiliated colleges, term the remaining had been in the universities and their constituent colleges. (Annual Report, University Grant Commission (UGC, 2009-2010)). 115 IRACST- International Journal of Research in concern technology (IJRMT), ISSN 2249-9563 Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012 There has in fact been considerable improvement in the higher education scenario of India in both quantitative and qualitative terms.In technical education, the IITs, and in management, the IIMs beget already marked their names among the top higher educational institutes of the world. Moreover the Jawaharlal University and Delhi University are similarly regarded as wide higher educational institutes for doing postgraduates courses and research in science, humanities and social sciences. As a result, students from various split of the world are coming today for higher education in India. Apart from these higher education institutes there are several mysterious institutes in India that offer various professional courses in India. concord to the Department of higher Education, government of India, there are total enrolment of students (146. 25 lakhs), 42. 01% students had been in the staff of Arts, followed by 19. 30% in Science and 17. 83% in Commerce/ Management. Thus, 79. 14% of the total enrolment had been in the three faculties of Arts, Sciences and Commerce / Management while the remaining 20. 86% had been in the professional faculties indicating the highest percentage in Engineering. / engineering science (10. 33%), followed by Medical courses (3. 48%), etc. In the academic year 2009-2010, the total number of teachers in universities and colleges had been 6.99 lakhs as compared to 5. 89 lakhs teachers in the previous year. Out of 6. 99 lakhs teachers, 86% teachers had been in Colleges and the remainin g 14% in University Departments / University Colleges (Annual Report, University Grant Commission (UGC, 2009-2010)). accounting, teaching, medicine, law, agriculture, veterinary, polytechnic and others. 1. 2 The menstruum Scene India is today one of the fastest developing countries of the world with the annual growth rate red above 9%. In order to sustain that rate of growth, there is need to increase the number of institutes and also the prime(a) of higher education in India.Therefore the Prime Minister of India has announced the composition of 8 IITs, s so far Indian initiates of Management (IIMs) and five dollar bill Indian Institutes of Science, Education and Research (IISERs) and 30 Central Universities in his speech to the nation on the 60th Independence Day. The outlay for education during the 11th v Year Plan, which runs from the authorized fiscal to 2012-13, represents a four-fold increase over the previous plan and stands at Rs 2500 million. 1. 3 Advantages of Ind ian higher educationWith India emerging as a global hub for commercial RD (India Today International, 3 Oct 2009), RD at heart the chain of Higher Education has gained greater importance. Now, the country is fast emerging as a major centre for cutting-edge research and development (RD) projects for global multinationals such as Microsoft and Motorola as substantially as Indian firms. More and more companies in industries ranging from IT and telecommunications through with(predicate) pharmaceuticals and biotech are setting up would-be(prenominal) RD projects, in part to serve the Indian grocery, but also with an eye to delivering new generations of products faster to the global foodstuff.It has been stated that 150 international firms have set up RD centers in India and in 2004 US patents government agency granted over 1000 patents to Indian units of US companies. India has developed one of the largest systems of Higher Education in the world with over 493 universities and 65 00 vocational colleges catering to about 10 million students. India provides a abundant foodstuff and playing field for private initiatives at both the national and international levels. It is very rich in human resources, in terms of quantity as well as quality.Statistics from the Indian census government agency shows, over 35% of our population is below the age of 20. By 2020, it is expected that 325 million people in India will reach working age, which will be the largest in the world. This will come at a time when the rest of the developed world will be faced with an ageing population were as India with its bourgeoning middle class people who are willing to invest in quality higher education will be an asset for Indias growth in education.No wonder that foreign universities from the US, Canada, UK, Australia, bran-new Zealand, and Singapore are vying for students from India. India, too, is trying to attract students from neighboring countries. It is also willing to cater to the needs of the Indian Diaspora. Many non-resident Indians are now sending their wards to India for professional education in the fields of medicine, engineering, and business management. For them, higher education in India is both cost-effective and culturally rich. 1. 1 Pathway of learning in Indian education systemThe Indian Education System is comprised of six stages nursery, principal(a), secondary, higher secondary, graduation post-graduation. aiming forward to university lasts 12 years. Higher education in India starts after passing the higher secondary education or the 12th standard. However, there are considerable differences between the various states in terms of the organizational structures within these stolon 12 years of conditioning. The government is committed to ensuring universal elementary education (primary and upper primary) education for all children aged 6-14 years of age.These various stages of Education, set by the Indian Education Ministry, are subse rvient in an individuals growth. Thus to ensure consistency in the overall development of the individual, first 12 years of education are made basic for all. Graduation and Post Graduation though depends upon persons academic interest. Depending on the stream, doing graduation in India can take three to five years. Postgraduate courses are generally of two to three years of continuation. After completing post graduation, scope for doing research in various educational institutes also remains open.(See the table 1. 0 for details) Education system in India covers almost all kinds of careers right from health operate, management, mass media, legal services, social science, home science, charming arts to environmental science, administrative services, fashion courses, vocational courses, engineering, applied science and 116 IRACST- International Journal of Research in Management Technology (IJRMT), ISSN 2249-9563 Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012 If TeamLease Services were to be believed, by 2025 India will be proud possessor of a workforce equivalent to a quarter of the worlds human resource capital.This positive forecast comes with a rider. A study conducted by the staffing firm, TeamLease Services, suggests India has to harness the latent talent of its young and productive population to achieve this goal. As per the India Labour Report 2009 released by Teamlease Services in collaboration with IIJT Education, the India can achieve a per capita income of USD 4,100 (approximately Rs 187,554 at an exchange rate of Rs 45. 74 per dollar). The report says this is non impossible if a labourfriendly atmosphere is in place.The study suggests some drastic reforms in the labour policy. The report says, If we harness this dividend by 2025, India will not notwithstanding have 25 per cent of the worlds total workforce, but our per capita income will be USD 4,100. The report notwithstanding adds This would rise to USD 9,802 in 2040 and USD 20,836 in 2050. This will finally put pove rty in the museum it belongs. higher education. The pro-high technology policy of the government has invited billion of dollars of foreign investment in the fields of biotechnology, IT and research.The Ministry of Education (MOE) is responsible for compulsory the development and administration of the schools and various government-funded educational institutions. In case of private schools, the MOE plays a crucial supervisory and advisory role. Education mainly revolves around the interests of the students. The teaching and pedagogical system follows a flexible near that helps the students in developing their potentials and aptitudes. Source Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore The Singapore education system aims to provide students with a holistic and broad-based education. abandoned the multi-cultural and multi-racial characteristics of Singapore, the bilingual policy is a key feature of the Singapore education system. Under the bilingual policy, every student learns English , which is the common working language. Students also learn their mother tongue language (Chinese, Malay or Tamil), to help them retain their ethnic identity, culture, heritage and values. The mission of the MOE is to mould the future of the nation, with a vision of cerebration Schools, Learning Nation.Since 2003, Singapore has also focused on nurturing a spirit of Innovation and Enterprise (IE) among students and teachers. discipline Less, Learn More (TLLM) was a call for all educators to teach unwrap, improve the quality of interaction between teachers and students, and equip students with the knowledge, skills and values that prepare them for life Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, 2011. For both public and private schools there are variations in the extent of the autonomy in their curriculum and the scope of government aid and funding.Students in primary school do not pay school fees, while students at secondary and Pre University levels pay subsidized school fees. The Ministr y of Education aims to help their students to discover their own talents, to make the best of these talents and realize their full potential, and to develop a passion for learning that lasts through life. They have been moving in recent years towards an education system that is more flexible and diverse. The aim is to provide students with greater choice to meet their different interests and ways of learning. existence able to choose what and how they learn will encourage them to take greater ownership of their learning. They are also giving their students a more broad-based education to ensure their all-round or holistic development, in and out of the classroom. Singapore currently has three autonomous universities, with a 4th slated to open in 2012. They are the field University of Singapore (NUS), Nanyang technical University (NTU) and Singapore Management University (SMU). The Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) will be Singapores fourth autonomous university. It is developed in collaboration with Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Zhejiang University. SUTDs mission is to advance knowledge and nurture technically grounded leaders and 1. 4 Issues for Indian Higher education India is being projected as a would-be super-power by the year 2020 at the same time, higher education, which is developing at the rate of 20% per annum worldwide, is being counted as one of the most important ingredients in knowledge-based economies. India therefore faces a big challenge in achieving its goals in this respect. esoteric initiatives in higher education are not only feasible, but also desirable, if India is to meet the target of 20% of its youth in the age group of 17-23, as against 7. 2% today. The government has not been able to attain the desired level of literacy during the last 65 years. At the time of independence, the literacy level was tho 14% Indias target is a 100% literacy rate by 2020. At present there are 300 million adult illiterate s in India and only 60 million out of 170 million children at the primary school level are able to make to secondary education.Out of these 160 million, only 9 million make it to post-secondary education. According to a recent report by Asian brokerage and investment group CLSA, Indias education and training market is valued at $40 billion and is growing rapidly. It is expected to be a $70 billion industry by 2012. Primary education (K-12) makes up about half of the market. However, India continues to face challenges. Despite growing investment in education, 35% of the population is illiterate and only 15% of the students reach high school Source India still Asias reluctant tiger, by Zareer Masani of BBC Radio 4, 27 February 2008.As of 2008, Indias post-secondary high schools offer only copious seats for 7% of Indias college-age population, 25% of teaching positions nationwide are vacant, and 57% of college professors lack either a masters or PhD degreeSource SPECIAL REPORT THE ED UCATION RACE, by Newsweek, August 1825, 2008 issue 2. 0 Singapore Education System Apart from enjoying a status of famous shopping and tourism destination, Singapore is also emerging as a place for pursuing 117 IRACST- International Journal of Research in Management Technology (IJRMT), ISSN 2249-9563 Vol. 2, No.1, 2012 innovators serve societal needs.This will be accomplished with a focus on Design, through an integrated multidisciplinary curriculum and multi-disciplinary research. The university is expected to open its doors in April 2012, with its campus constructed by 2015. A graduate medical school, Duke-NUS fine-tune Medical School Singapore, was also created through a partnership between Duke University School of Medicine and NUS to increase Singapores capacity to develop a vibrant biomedical hub. Specialized institutions have also sprung up, both local and international.For instance, well-known business schools University of Chicago Graduate School of Business and INSEAD, N ew York University Tisch School of the Arts, LASALLE College of the Arts and Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts (NAFA) provide specialized education in the arts, and the Digipen Institute of Technology focuses on world-class technology education. In addition, polytechnics were also set up to train middle-level professionals and their main aim is to educate and nurture their students to excel in work and in life, and to equip young as well adult learners with skills and knowledge to enhance their employability in the market.A total of five polytechnic schools (Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore Polytechnic, Nanyang Polytechnic, Temasek Polytechnic, and Republic Polytechnic) were established in Singapore to cater to students those who passed the secondary school and those who are interested in learning more technical subjects with hands on training. Most of the diplomas offered are three years duration and their course curriculum is designed to meet the industry needs. Last, but not the least the Institute of expert Education (ITE) was established as a post-secondary technical institution of excellence.The basic purpose of the institute is To effect Opportunities for School Leavers and Adult Learners to Acquire Skills, Knowledge and Values for Lifelong Learning in a planetary Economy Mission statement ITE. The Institute of Technical Education campuses were reorganized under the Collegiate system into 3 major colleges around the island, ITE College Central, ITE College West, ITE College East. You may also choose to send your children to one of the over 300 private education institutions in Singapore. Private schools offer a large variety of courses, including language and professional programmes.When choosing a private school, do make sure it has proper accreditation. The EduTrust for Education and Singapore Quality Class for Private Education Organizations are two hallmarks of quality implemented in Singapore. Under the MOE, The Higher Education variance (HED) overse es the provision of tertiary and technical education in Singapore as well as adjustment of private schools. It oversees nine statutory boards five Polytechnics, the Institute of Technical Education (ITE), the Science Centre Singapore (SCS), the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) and the Council for Private Education.HED also oversees the development of four autonomous universities (the National University of Singapore, the Nanyang Technological University, the Singapore Management University and the Singapore University of Technology and Design). (See the table 1. 0 for details) More details can be strand in MOE website. 2. 2 The current scene The proposed vision of Singapore education is to develop a self-sustaining education ecosystem offering a diverse and distinctive mix of quality educational services to the world, thus becoming an engine of economic growth, capability development and talent attraction for Singapore.Education ecosystem refers to a cluster of mutual ly reinforcing, complementary education institutions which vary in terms of student enrolment numbers, country of origin, cultural environment, nature of activity, academic level, academic discipline/subjects, research interests and price. This network of institutions will raise education standards, create more choice for Singapore students and enrich the overall student experience. Singapore has placed an substantive emphasis on education. This can be seen from the fact that education spending forms at least 20% of the budget of Singapore.Primary education has give-up the ghost compulsory for all the citizens of Singapore and if parents fail to enroll their children into school, it is considered a criminal offence. Singapores public schools maintain high standards of teaching and learning. According to the World sparing Forums globose Competitiveness Report 2009/2010, Singapore was ranked 1st internationally for the quality of our educational system. Singapore was also rated as one of the worlds best performing education system, with an excellent teaching force, according to the McKinsey Company 2007 report How the Worlds Best-Performing School Systems Come Out on Top. chronicle in educational institutions, see table below Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, 2011 2. 1 Pathway of learning in Singapore education system According to the system, students in Singapore generally undergo six years in primary school and four to five years in secondary school. They can then enroll in post-secondary institutions, pre-university courses, or move on to the polytechnics. Eligible students are subsequently given the opportunity to enroll in the universities. Source Ministry of Education, Institute of Technical Education, Singapore Polytechnic, Ngee Ann Polytechnic,118 IRACST- International Journal of Research in Management Technology (IJRMT), ISSN 2249-9563 Vol. 2, No.1, 2012 Temasek Polytechnic, Nanyang Polytechnic, Republic Polytechnic, National Institute of Educatio n, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Management University and Singapore Institute of Technology. Note Data for primary, secondary and junior college exclude private schools. 2. 3 Advantages of Singapore higher education Singapore has several competitive advantages that position it well as a global education hub.These complicate a strategic geographical location, reputation for educational excellence, a vibrant business hub (which presents opportunities for institutional-industry collaboration), and a beneficial and cosmopolitan environment. Singapore can capture a larger share of the global educational market (estimated at US$2. 2 trillion), and increase educational services contribution to GDP from the existing 1. 9% of the GDP to a projected 3 to 5% in 10 years. Source Executive Summary growth Singapores Education Industry Prepared by the Education Workgroup.About 120 of the 353 primary and secondary schools in Singapore have some f orm of exchange programmes which allow students to visit overseas schools. In 2005, the Ministry of Education set up a SGD 4. 5 million School Twinning Fund to facilitate 9,000 primary and secondary school students to participate in these exchange programmes, particularly in ASEAN countries, China and India. Source Forss, Pearl (2005-10-13). Education Ministry sets up $4. 5m fund to facilitate student exchange programmes. Channel News Asia.Singapore Government aims to increase the numbers of foreign students studying in Singapore from the current 97,000 to 150,000 by 2015. Based on current statistics, approximately one-fifth of those applying through UCAS are third-country nationals mainly from mainland China, India, Malaysia and Indonesia. Singapore is aggressively moving forward to become an education service provider in the region, the Economic Development Board has also continued to heed brand-name foreign universities to set up specialized campuses to serve an international ma rket from Singapore.The number of students studying for foreign facultys in-country Transnational (TNE) programmes was 36,700 in 2001. According to latest HESA TNE data for 2009/10 the number of students studying for a UK qualification in Singapore is 42,715 The majority of these are delivered in partnership with local private institutions. According to the circulate in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) done in 2006, cited by MOE in a 2007 survey by the Fraser Institute, Singapore was ranked fourth among 45 education systems.Dr Kishore Mahbubani, Dean of the Lee Kuan Yew School of exoteric Policy at NUS, also proudly claimed that educational leaders around the world are flocking to Singapore to copy Singapores successful educational model. He said that some North American schools are even using similar textbooks as those used in Singaporean schools. While Singapore is clearly proving to be a popular destination for students from Asia, small numbers of students from Europe, the United States, and Australia are also choosing to study in Singapore.Many international students consider Singapore to be a comfortable introduction to Asia, providing both the chance to get a Western education at a leading institution and become beaten(prenominal) with Chinese language and business practices as well closer to their home country. Moreover, most MNCs have their regional base here and with Singapore positioned as the business and commercial capital of the region, job opportunities for graduating students are aplenty. give the better job prospects that Asia currently offers as compared to the US and Europe, it is likely that Asian students will continue to lock their higher studies within the region and more specifically in Singapore. This is a win-win situation for all the students, Singapores education industry and the companies based in the city-state. September 22, 2009, in Doing Business in Singapore 2. 4 Issues for Singapore Higher education Criti cs of the education system, including some parents, state that the education system is too specialized, rigid, and elitist.Often, these criticisms state that there is little emphasis on creative thinking, unlike education systems in other societies, such as those in the States. Those defending the current education system point out that Singaporean student have regularly ranked top when competing in international science and mathematics competitions and assessments. Detractors believe this is more an indication of students skills in using rote to prepare for a sure style of competition or trial than of their ability to think critically.There have also been complaints about excessive educational streaming at a young age. A popular local film, I Not Stupid, highlights the competitiveness of the system and the social stigma that students struggling with studies have to face. The best students are streamed into the best and normal classes, while the others are streamed into the psyc hiatric hospital class, where teachers usually allow them to get worse, since they are part of the ungifted class Sourcehttp//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Education_in_Singapore Development_and_future_plans.Singapores Ethnic Education Problems The problem is a serious and persistent one. Figures from the Education Ministry show that while Singaporean exam results have increased across the board over the last decade, the stark disparities between the city-states main three ethnic groups remain. In 2008, just 59. 3 percent of Malay students achieved 5 passes at O-level, the exams taken by 15 and 16-year-olds, compared to 86. 2 percent of Chinese and 73 percent of Indians.Source Written by Ben Bland, Feb 2, 2010 in http//www.asiasentinel. com 119 IRACST- International Journal of Research in Management Technology (IJRMT), ISSN 2249-9563 Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012 Overview of the Singapore vs. Indian Education System Table 1. 0 termination I understand that I have different ways of thinking and d ifferent mindsets compared with most people. My comments only show my perspective, not an absolute authoritative assessment of the situation. I admit to have a certain level of subjectivity due to my previous involvement in the system and my limited set of experiences. rise pathway for the students might be different from county to county but what is the key in higher education is who provides better service with high quality education at affordable rate is in high drive worldwide. 120 IRACST- International Journal of Research in Management Technology (IJRMT), ISSN 2249-9563 Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012 REFERENCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Blackwell, Fritz (2004), India A Global Studies Handbook, United States of America ABC-CLIO, Inc. , ISBN 1-57607-348-3.Vrat, Prem (2006), Indian Institutes of Technology, Encyclopedia of India (vol.2) edited by Stanley Wolpert, 229231, Thomson Gale ISBN 0-684-31351-0. Department of Education, Government of India, http//www. education. nic. in/higedu. asp http//w ww. indiaedu. com/education-india/higher-education. html Annual Report Ministry of human beings Resource Development, Government of India 2006-2007.Draft Report of Working root word on Higher Education for the XI Plan, Planning Commission, Government of India (2007) Selected Educational Statistics 2004-2005 (as on September 2004), Ministry of serviceman Resource Development Government of India (2007) Agarwal, P (2006), Higher education in India The need for change.New Delhi, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. URL www. icrier. org/publication/working_papers_180. html. Higher Education in India-Restructuring for increased innovation, Document prepared for the World Bank, June 2006. 10 UGC Chairmans Nehru Memorial Lecture, University of Mumbai, Nov. 24, 2006 (available on the Web) 11 UGC Annual Report 2004-05, 2006-2007, 2009-2010 12 Wikipedia, (2008). 13Educationworld, 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Content_analysis The Human Develo pment Magazine, www.educationworldonline. net Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore (www. moe. gov. sg) Singapore Education (2010), Government of Singapore, http//www. singaporeedu. gov. sg Crescent Achievements (2006) Co-Curricular Activities Singapore strand at http//www. crescent. edu. sg/achievements/cca. htm Ministry of Education, (2004)A Broader Picture of Schools Performance in Academic and Non Academic Domains found at http//www. moe. gov. sg/press/2004/pr20040924b. htm Contact Singapore,(2010) http//www. contactsingapore. sg/investors/live/education/ http//www.channelnewsasia. com/stories/singaporelocalnews/vi ew/294891/1/. html.http//www. asiasentinel. com/index. php? option=com_contentta sk=viewid=2318Itemid=195 AUTHORS visibility NaganathanVenkatesh obtained his Degree and a Master degree in Computer Science from University of Madras, India as well he also holds another Masters Degree in Human Resource Management and presently he is pursing PhD in Computer Science En gineering from University of Madras, India. As Research Scholar, from NITTTR(National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research.

Globalization and Regional Strategies Essay Example for Free

world(prenominal)ization and regional Strategies EssayExe contractive SummaryIt is clear enough that in todays era it is extremely critical for firms to draw spherical and componental personal line of credit strategies in evidence to attain sustainable competitive advantage. But the question arises regarding classification of a MNE (trans national initiative) as a orbicular firm. This essay critic eithery analyses the work on constituental dodge as a receipt to Osegowitsch and Sammartino and attempts to c all over the following aspects in detail. apprehension of sphericization and Global StrategyThis section highlights the nonion of orbiculateization and way administrations today establish a world-wide presence by adoption of unique business strategies. This part a same(p) details the three several(predicate) kind of global strategies.Regional Strategy epitomeThis part analyzes the surmise and practice of regional system invention of Globalization in fussy as a repartee to Osegowitsch and Sammartino (2008). It aims to justify that in todays era real a few(prenominal) global firms exists and scraply that sufficient amount of international business literature and theory is required to take back denunciation on regional vs. global MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) strategy.The Theory of the Regional StrategyThis section explains the concept of regional strategy analysis and adorns the various regional theories as explained by Osegowitsch and Sammartino.IntroductionWith the concept of globalization and internationalisation gaining more and more nervous impulse e rattlingday, this essay attempts to critically analyse the work of Osegowitsch and Sammartino on regional strategy. It starts with explaining the concept of globalisation and global strategy and tries to justify that in todays era very few global firms exist. Secondly, it tries to establish that signifi tidy sumt amount of international business literature and theory is demanded in order to draw conclusion on regional vs. global MNEs strategy by exploring the theory of regional strategy.Notion of Globalization and Global StrategyGlobalization can be defined as a interlinking concept which enables firms to operate in various continents and countries across the globe in order to improve and exploit their profit margins, sustainability, worldwide existence and economies of scale (Blyton et al., 2001). Globalization provides platform non precisely to consumers scarce also to organizations to help them satisfy their needfully globally. According to Marquardt Berger (2003), Trade, Travel, Technology and Television argon the four major developments that film forgeted in Globalization. The four Ts of global development are the outcome of human conceiver and its creative innovations.These advancements pee-pee bring forward encouraged and made possible unremitting exchange of ideas, information and noesis amongst human re springs by breaking the barriers of surmount. Moving ahead, Bratton Gold (2007) state that Globalization is a global process of political convergence, social economies and national sentiments, in which space, time and Government are not given up much importance. The paragraph below willing straightwayadays highlight the three different views on global strategy. The First view states that the global strategy is one of the particular and specific forms of Multinational Enterprise (MNE) Strategy. Further, it highlights the fact that Globalization considers all the countries of the world alike (Levitt, 1983). The Second view considers global strategy as International Strategic Management (Bruton et al., 2004) which is no doubt wider concept than global strategy mentioned in the starting line view.Lastly, the third view describes global strategy in flush broader limit The strategy of the firms that exist all over the globe and this can be concluded as the firms theory of how to choke a successful competitor (Peng, 2006). Having discussed the various forms of global strategies which are adopted by firms today, this essay straightway moves ahead to analyse the theory and practice of regional strategy concept of Globalization in particular as a response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino (2008). It aims to justify that in todays era very few global firms exists and secondly that sufficient amount of international business literature and theory is required to draw reflection on regional vs global MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) strategy.The Regional Strategy TheoriesAccording to Rugman and Verbeke (2007), recent literature on globalization suggests that a firm is categorised as global if maximum 50% of its centerity sales are in its syndicate land (EU) and minimum 20% of sales in each of the NAFTA zone and Asia. He adjoins to it by bringing to scratch the outcome of survey based upon this theory that indicated notwithstanding nine global firms in Fortune Global 500 and also the orientation of numerous firms towards the sept-region. In response to the above mechanism for classifying the firm as global, Osegowitsch and Sammartino (OS) (2008) have provided three basic criteria and comments that can be facilitative in future classification of firms according to their geographical sales dispersion. Firstly, OS suggest that it is not appropriate to classify statistical data straightaway.It should be realised that since this is a growing battleground of research, customs of any kind of classification tool is open to criticisms as it is not but the categorization of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) following particular regional strategy theories. As an example, OS focus on building and having untroubled military berth in the region by illustrating that if the EU, NAFTA region and Asia represents 90% of the total world sales output, an unequivocal division would require all the three regional triads to have 30% sales each and not 33.3% in order to en courage the strategy of lower thresholds. In other words, a firm can be defined as global if it has at least 20% of the total sales in the two troops-triad regions and without any kind of imposition on the maximum sales threshold in the home territory (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007). Additionally, it should also be noted that it is not at all relevant to categorize a firm as having strong position in the market if its threshold is lower than 20% of the total sales.OS even conducted a simulation development threshold value as 10% of the salary sales in order to identify a string position in the host region as it would result to USD $1 one thousand thousand even for the smallest of the Fortune Global 500 firms. But unfortunately, it didnt present a strong position and can by no means be considered as an essence for strategic decision making in the worlds largest organizations. OS clearly argues that using various thresholds is helpful in assessing the sensitivity of firms positions in the classification system but the main map should alship canal be to provide an assessment of the Future Global 500 and to easily track firms whose thresholds are continuously changing from one category of threshold to another. A clear example of this is Nokia which encountered a 4% decline in sales in the twelvemonth 2002.However, this change in sales radiation diagram reflected a short term failure in inter-regional growth but OS criticizes that it cannot be simply neglected. drift of Nokia from a global organization in 2001 towards a home based firm in 2001 was a remarkable concern. In one line, it can be stated that having threshold below 20% simply leads to generation of more bi-regional firms and which cant be regarded as truly global organizations. Moving ahead, the second regional strategy criterion which OS highlights is that the sales variations are highly constancy specific. According to OS, manufacture plays a significant role and all future researched should aim a t exploring the regional vs global strategies at the industry specific levels and try to establish the difference. It is truism that a majority of firms are not in good order internationalized and their sizes varies across regions but then its some of the worlds astronomicgest MNEs that have eer been regarded as unresolved of compensating for the weaknesses of the other sectors in different regions of the world.The main point to be considered is that our analysis are independent of derived function size of numerous industries that exist across the region, as MNEs are able to establish regional markets and to make headway develop insufficient markets. Lastly, in third comment it is argued that it would be irrelevant to prefer regional strategy over global strategy. Regional strategies come into existence when it becomes very difficult or impossible to adopt conventional global strategies efficiently, or when they fail to function, keeping in mind that global strategies cannot be evaluated in isolation. Further, it can be said that heterogeneous geographic space beyond the home realm hem in is essential for most of the companies now if not all of them.Moving ahead, this section of the essay will now make an attempt to tackle the criticism formed by OS concerning the contribution of regional strategy to the international business theory. According to (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007), the regional strategy is structured around three simple but fundamental empirical observations which demand international business theory to be all-embracing and enhanced. First of all, only a small number of MNEs have a balanced geographical sales distribution pattern across the global market, although it counts towards the risk diversification at the downstream end of the value chain. OS illustrate that a balanced and structured distribution of sales geographically would contribute towards enhanced global bankers acceptance by the customers of the companys products and services . With only the exception of resource-based industries, the triad comprising the EU, NAFTA region and Asia demonstrates a first cut though not certainly a fixed one mechanism to identify the extent to which an MNEs dough sales are distributed worldwide.Further, this triad has gained so much importance as it is the home of worlds most large MNEs as well as the locus for a number of outstanding innovations in most industrial sectors. The triad also demonstrates the world demand pattern for most knowledge intense services and goods. But its unfortunate to mention that only a small number of MNEs in the Fortune Global 500 are capable of performing equally well in each of the three regions of the triad. It is often observed that a strong position in the home-triad region is not back up with an equally strong position in both the other two remaining triad environments. categorisation tools are now irrelevant as among the firms with international operations only a small voice are trul y global i.e. may be even less than 5% (Ghemawat and Ghadar, 2006).They further add to it and state that different firms rule in different parts of the world. Second wing of the regional strategy focuses on the fact that several MNEs have regional features in the organizational structure such as geographic divisions and having individual divisions for different regions is supported mainly by the concept of regional heterogeneity demanding idiosyncratic management. In this case, the intra-regional institutional and economic surpass is not just smaller but also very different from that of the interregional. It has been observed that for most MNEs, managing operations and work system in EU is very different from functioning system of the NAFTA region or as compared with the work cultural of Asian environment. These differences may further be enhanced if the work unit is further subdivided into smaller units. Fratiannin (2006) states that these differences in work system channelise th e importance of regional level in the business strategy and structure of MNEs.Today, almost all big firms such as Toyota, General Electric (GE) have embedded regional elements in their business and useable strategies and these companies are often wrongly referred to as global organizations not just because of lack of balanced geographic distribution but also because of their world wide global operations and manufacturing (Ghemawat, 2005). Thirdly, it should be noted that more than fifty percent of the geographic champaign in terms of sales is normally the main source of the firms cash flows and the centre point of most of the firms both tangible and intangible assets. In the coming years, the concept of having more than 50% sales in the home territory would not be significant enough in EU and North America specifically but it would gain momentum in Asian region as intra-regional distance is minimizing and thereby driven by a reduction of investment barriers and trade. Competition among industries would be more prevalent at the regional level instead of the national level.OC highlight that attention should now be laid on the development of classification tool that will help bundle the home country sales with the sales in the remainder of the home territory rather than paying attention separately to the sales in the home region and remaining of the home region especially for MNEs based in Asia and EU. Moving ahead, the above discussed observations and theories clearly demonstrate the need for an extended international business theory. These observations are independent of specific categorization come a doures to measure specific home-region vs. occupy-of-the-world market position of MNEs. A trend has always been seen that all the MNEs are much stronger in their home regions as compared to that in other triad regions. These top MNE firms have formulated their organizational structures around the regional component and a varying market position in each region raises call for a regional approach rather than a global strategy approach.The paragraph below now will bring to surface the three main components for the extension on mainstream international business theory (Rugman and Verbeke, 2007). Firstly, it is noticed that impact of country border does not provide strong basis for distinguishing among non- repair bound (or internationally deployable/exploitable) and location bound. In todays period of excess regionalization, it is very easy for some companies to exploit and deploy their strengths throughout the home country border. Further, proxies for internationally transferable FSAs such as firms level predictors of internationalization like firms level of RD do not hold much importance in explaining intra-regional enlargement occurring in home region, given the distance gap between the home country and rest of the home region is very less. As a result of well-functioning trans-European transport and logistics networks enabling fast r esponse and just in time strategies covering the whole continent, the significance of geographic distance has decreased in EU. The EU integration process itself has let to decrease in Institutional distance.Further, Economic distance has mazed its relevance because of many reasons such as development of new services and products at par with European level, possibility of cross border shopping made possible by web based searches, continuous attempts made by many companies to gain scale and scope efficiencies at the European level and lastly, change magnitude importance of EU as a geographic space to ascertain companys conduct, structure and importance. Finally, decreased significance of conventional measures of cultural distance mainly in the business to business area as it is easy to get labour in Europe, considerable increase in use of position as the lingua franca inside the region. On sharp contrast between past and present position of conventional location bound FSAs it can be clearly stated that previously they allowed firm expansion only up to country borders but now it can be easily upgraded, and made deployable and exploitable even beyond the home country borders and also in other home region countries.Secondly, there is a need to reconsider the fact that non-location-bound FSAs like technological knowledge or brand can be easily exploited and deployed nationwide. Today also it is necessary to complement existing FSA bundles with an additional FSA bundle in high distance environments which implies distance s savings bank plays an important role. According to Ghemawat (2005), there are several ways to differentiate between low and high distance environments, one major distinction being that between home regions and host regions in a triad context. Moreover, it is clear that extension and scope of mainstream international theory is free from any scholars disagreeing with the concept of the triad region as the best proxy to discriminate between low-di stance environments (in this case the home-triad region) and high-distance environment (in this case the two host-triad regions). lavishly distance implies to making more substantial investments in order to complement its present FSA bundles, also enabling maximum and profitable exploitation in the host region environment.Here, the apparent trade off becomes obvious further the efforts to expand the high-distance environment may not be proved to be as successful and profitable as the expansion of low distance environment, even if it is suggested by macro-level parameters which measure the attractiveness of the high-distance environment that they have strong location advantages. As stated by Nachum and Wymbs (2007) in regard to global cities that FSAs and location advantages are dependent on each other. High distance bundles also has many risk factors along with it like melding the extant FSA bundles with newly developed or accessed resources in the high distance environment may lea d to burdened with several operational problems, decreased or disappointing sales, as exemplified by the retreat of some of the worlds largest MNEs from high-distance contexts, for example, Wal-Marts throttle from Germany and Korea. .Thirdly, the theoretical difference between the two FSAs namely location bound and non-location bound FSAs assume conventionally easy developments and profitable exploitation of FSAs (like brand names or technological knowledge of proprietary) across borders. Moreover, it is very essential to acclimatize the brief contents of these two concepts to the authenticity of regionalization. More particularly, the factors that determine the extent of FSAs are, its distance accompanied by its geographic, institutional, economic and cultural components.The level at which a FSA should be called location-bound vs non-location bound is estimated by decay in value across a space. On the basis of terms like region bound nature of FSAs and the liability of inter regio nal foreignness it has been highlighted that for international business other geographic borders hold more importance than conventional country borders in our previous study. After studying the concepts and theories of regional strategy, we now try to establish the extent to which Procter Gamble could be categorized as a global firm in terms of its business and operational strategies.The Case of Procter GambleProcter Gamble Co. One of the worlds prima(p) consumer goods manufacturer such as Tide, Pantene, Ariel etc was established in 1837 from an original candle and soap company. The firm now operates in 180 nations with more than 138,000 employees. According to Lafley, A. G., Chairman of the Board and chief Executive Officer, PG, the firm has over 171 years of history and has always been driven by creativity and innovation. Additionally, better sales and long term success have always been the strategic goals of this corporation. And it understands the fact that these goals can be attained by constantly appreciating changing consumers needs, innovation, branding and market needs.Depending entirely on skunk work such as acquisitions, internal RD and selective innovations has proved to be inefficient and insufficient for attaining the business target of $4 billion business in a time period of one year. It can be clearly seen that invent- it-ourselves specimen along with global research facilities and recruiting and holding of the best talent nationwide attained success till the year 2000 but nowadays satisfying high levels of top line growth has become a big challenge for an organization The approach through which the radical strategy of open innovation helped an organization attain its business mission and goal can be typified in the following lines. To face the challenge, PG adopted a brand new technique of innovation Develop and touch model in the year 2000 which lays great importance on searching good and new ideas and information outside and bringing them in, in order to give internal capabilities a boost and make most out of them.With the perspective of manufacturing improved and relatively cheaper products faster the business strategy involved in this model was to leverage assets of people, products and property available externally and applying it to their respective RD labs, purchasing, market capabilities and production. The foremost work of this strategy is to recognize top ten preferences and needs of the consumer. Moreover, it is very essential that the customers are fully satisfied by the products manufactured and which will finally result in increased sales and profit. Moving ahead, alike products or related technologies which already exist in the market and occupy good position are recognized. Lastly, analysing the influence of technological acquisition of one area over the other areas.Networking is the backbone of this approach. Along with having business collaborations with open networking companies such as InnoCen tive and Ninesigma, the PG group has long chain of suppliers and technological entrepreneurs worldwide. They play a crucial role by finding solutions to PG internal problems in the outside world. Thus, by constructing such type of pedestal PG has been able to reduce its investment in engineering along with achieving stable top line growth and required sustainability. According to Huston and Sakkab (2000), by shifting to Connect and Develop model there has been a remarkable increment in our RD production by 60% and the progress rate of innovation has undoubtedly doubled. The Procter Gamble figures out how an organization can maximize its lucrativeness levels by switching to new and innovativeThe Procter Gamble examples mirrors the way how switching to new and innovative approaches of using information and technology can help maximise profit margins. It is one of the organisations which has developed enabling infrastructure fabricated around innovation with a huge worldwide networ k combining human capital, ideas and technology. expiryThis essay has brought to surface a number of strategies which can help firms to establish strong positions globally like having a threshold of 20% etc. The main aim which was to justify that a firm cannot be simply categorized as global based upon statistical data has been justified. A number of measures have also been illustrated which can help differentiate the firms regional strategy from the global strategy.ReferencesBlyton, P., Lucio, M., McGurk, J. and Turnbull, P. (2001) Globalization and trade alliance strategy industrial restructuring and human resource management in the international civil aviation industry, International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp. 445-463. Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2007) Human Resource Management Theory and Practice (4th edn), refreshing York Palgrave Macmillan. Bruton, G., Lohrke, F. and Lu, J. W. (2004) The evolving definition of what comprises international strategic management, J ournal of International Management, Vol. 10, pp. 413-429. Fratianni, M. (Ed.) (2006) Regional economic integration, Research in Global Strategic Management, Vol. 12, Oxford Elsevier. Ghemawat, P. (2005) Regional strategies for globalleadership, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83, No. 12, pp.98-108. Levitt, T. (1983) The globalization of markets, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 61, pp. 92-102. Marquardt, M. and Berger, N. (2003) The Future Globalization and tender Roles for HRD, Advances in Developing Human Resources, pp. 283-295. Nachum, L. and Wymbs, C. (2007) The location and performance of foreign affiliates in global cities. In A. M. Rugman (Ed.), Regional aspects of multinationality and performance, Research in Global Strategic Management, Vol. 13, pp. 221-257, Oxford Elsevier. Osegowitsch, T and Sammartino, A. (2008) Reassessing (home-regionalisation), Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2. Peng, M. W. (2006) Global Strategy, Cincinnati South-Western Thomson. Rugman, A. M. and Verbeke, A. (2007) The theory and practice of regional strategy A response to Osegowitsch and Sammartino, Kelly School of Business, Vol. 2, pp. 1-7.

Relationship Outside of the Strange Situation Essay Example for Free

Relationship Outside of the opposed patch EssayThe adhesiveness of an sister to his mother is an important part of break offment. A mother is the startle experience of love and care that the electric razor will ever have. This bond certificate also has important implications in the development of the sister and even into adulthood. small fryren develop styles of attachment depending on their experiences with their caregivers and with their mothers. There are different attachment styles that have been identified in tiddlerren. The first one is secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment and disorganized attachment (Cassidy Shaver, 1999). Theorists and scientists have identified the Strange business office protocol to be the most common method in analyzeing attachment in infants. The Strange Situation Protocol is also the most empirically supported method for assessing attachment. Based on the behavior of the infant in relation to t heir mothers or caregivers, they are grouped into the different kinds of attachment already identified. It should be noted, however, that attachment does not stem from the thinking of the child. Rather, it is a feature of the relationships of the infant to different people. In early childhood, the child may exhibit different kinds of attachment.Yet beyond the age of four, children may settle for one finical kind of attachment (Greenspan, 1993). Studying Attachment Beyond the Strange Situation Protocol The Strange Situation Protocol (12 months to 20 months) is the most popular method in measuring attachment in children. Pederson and Moran (1996) headstrong to investigate childrens attachment outside of the Strange Situation. Their study, Expressions of the attachment relationship outside of the unidentified situation, discover 41 preterm infants together with 38 full-term infants at place with their mothers.These infants were at observe during their 8 months and 12 months of ag e. They were also observed in spite of appearance the Strange Situation at 18 months. The purpose of the study is to examine the attachment expressions in the two distinct settings. The researchers looked at the four different kinds of attachment relationship expressions. They find that there is an 84% concordance in the differences between secure and non-secure attachment relationship at shoes for infants at 12 months old. Avoidant relationships at this stage also displayed very high concordance.In addition to this, the study also found out that around 30% of the dyads were classified with ambivalent attachment at domicil and in the Strange Situation. The mothers in secure relationships at the Strange Situation were more sensitive on the 8 and 12 months as compared to mothers who displayed ambivalent and avoidant relationships. On the other hand, the mothers in non-secure relationships did not display near(prenominal) marked difference in their sensitivity. In the Strange Si tuation, those infants in secure relationships displayed the characteristics of having effective secure keister behavior.Moreover, they also displayed physical contact and affectionate sharing. During the 12-month home observations, these infants were easier to deal with because they were not very difficult to move with. The research method of the study was naturalistic as the researchers observed the infants at home. They managed to take note of the demeanor that the infants related with their mothers. At the remote situation, however, the approach became more manipulative because of the requirements of the protocol.In addition to this, the authors looked at several(prenominal) variables pertaining to the expressions of attachment relationships. They looked at the reunion behaviors, the reactions of children to their mothers and to other persons that they are interacting with. The reactions of the children to strangers, to caregivers and to the mothers were logged. The reaction of the children to the return of their parents was also noted by the researchers. To analyze the research problem effectively, the researchers canvas infants in two different settings at home and at the strange situation.In addition to this, they also observed the subjects in different agesat 8 months, 12 months and 18 months, which is already included in the Strange Situation. As a control group for the variable, this enabled the researchers to project the differences in attachment of the children in different situations and at different stages of their development. The researchers utilized unobtrusive observations in the home setting where they observed the natural tendencies of children and their relationships with the members of the household.They pre-determined the kinds of behavior and relationships they were looking after and noted their observations. As the study progressed, they compared their notes and found looked at the kinds of attachment relationships for analysis. The researchers explored the literature on the Strange Situation, the studies conducted concerning the observations of infants and their attachment relationships at home and the limitations of observing infants within the Strange Situation Protocol.Given these developments in the literature, they found out that there is a lack of studies focussing on the attachment relationships beyond the Strange Situation Protocol. The main contribution of the study is the way that they observed infants beyond the Strange Situation. This enabled them to make comparisons as to the development of attachment relationships of younger infants and compare that with findings within the strange situation. The presentation of the findings of the study is not very clear.One way to improve this would be stating the findings in scathe that could be better understood by readers and not only by intellectuals and scientists. The inclusion of diagrams and tables would also greatly help in intellect the result s of the study and its application in the lives of mothers and their developing children. There are no apparent ethical issues that can be discerned in the study. Observing the infants and their mothers at home, however, can yield some important ethical considerations in the study. It may be seen as disrupting on the processes and relationships of the family members.In addition to this, the child may also be alerted by the presence of the researcher and this could have potential impact on the exploration of a toddler of the house. This should also be factored into the study. The way that the study compared attachment relationships of children below the Strange Situation is laudable. The study could be further explored by canvass the attachment relationships of children beyond the Strange Situation. The researchers studied children at 8 months, 12 months and 18 months. The study could be further improved by studying children beyond the 20 months of the Strange Situation.This way, th e study could yield important insights in the utility or lack of the Strange Situation as method of measuring attachment relationships. Conclusion The study of Pederson Moran (1996) helps in understanding the Strange Situation and the way that infants develop attachment relationships at an age that falls below the strange situation. Their findings suggest that there are not much important differences in the way that non-secure mothers and infants develop attachment in the strange situation and outside of it.However, for those with secure relationships and ambivalent ones, there is concordance and better extensive term development of attachment. This has implications in the way that children should be treated during their infancy.Reference Cassidy, J. , Shaver, P. , (Eds). (1999) Handbook of Attachment Theory, Research, and clinical Applications. New York Guilford Press. Greenspan, S. (1993) Infancy and Early Childhood. Madison, CT International Universities Press. Pederson, D. R. Moran, G. (1996). Expressions of Attachment Relationship Outside of the Strange Situation. Child Development, 67, 915-927.

Explanation of Human Behavior Essay Example for Free

Explanation of Human Behavior EssayPsychology is a broad ambit that studies the behavior of a person. Because of psychology there is a better understanding of the disorders multitude may be affected by, the choices people make, and even the sexuality of the human race is understood by psychology. How psychology came to be, is a question that I had asked myself in the past. When researchers chose to directly observe psychological events, such as quantify reactions, 130 years ago, psychology emerged into a scientific field of its own. The first psychological lab was created in 1879 by Wilhelm Wandr. Since the field of psychology was originally developed by Caucasian males, many beliefs were biased. As the field of psychology has grown, so has the diversity refer in psychological study leaving us with more accurate understanding. As I happened to mention earlier, psychology is a vast field. This leaves room for many polar perspectives.There be three primary perspectives with several sub-fields of psychology. First there is the biological perspective which includes biopsychology and evolutionary psychology. Second, is the psychological perspective that includes behaviorism, cognitive psychology, the psycho-dynamic approach, and humanism. The third perspective of psychology is the sociocultural perspective. Together, these three perspectives and their sub-fields have helped in advancing knowledge in the field. A long standing debate in the field of psychology is the effect of nature and nurture on a persons behavioral development. I savor that both ar equally important factors in how a person behaves. Some people are born with psychological disorders, but their upbringing helps them live a comfortable life without being controlled by their disorder. Others grow up in a bad environment that brings out the worst of their disorders. There are some people who arent born with psychological disorders, but develop some over beat due to their upbringing.F or example, I was born without anyabnormalities and was completely healthy. Unfortunately I was born into a family of addiction and violence. As a child I was sexually, physically, and emotionally abused. As a result of this abuse I suffered from depression and even now as an adult, many of my choices are influenced by the environment I grew in. I do feel that a lot of personal choices are in our own control, though. Another example, though I was raised in the type of family I was raised in, I chose to be better. I chose to spoil the pattern of addiction and abuse and become a better person. I know other people who grew up in the same situation as me, and they choose to follow the path and they choose to take for a grudge that the world owes them something. I feel there are too many factors involved in behavior for it to be caused by only one perspective.ReferenceMitterer, Coon. Introduction to Psychology Gateways to encephalon and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews (13th e d.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Cengage Learning.